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Schutz suggests three linear phases, but introduces the notion of circularity and spiraling.

Expressed simply, this means that group development can reverse and repeat sequences.

The three stages in group development suggested by Schutz are:

The Affection Stage:

Lastly, this stage is about building emotional ties and deciding on the degree of intimacy to be developed with the other group members.

In this phase, the group assumes an importance for members.

There is a sense of identity and pulling together. Participation and involvement increase. The groups are more sensitive to each other. The interpersonal relationships stabilize and it is possible to observe the heightened emotional feeling between pairs of members, triads,

and sub-groups.

Schutz brings an entirely new insight into the nature of social reality as a norm. It is hard to know the weaknesses in his theory as this theorizing process still holds true today.

Maslow:

Belongingness/social needs: Needs for

belonging, love, affection.

Ex: friendships, relationships, families, fulfill as well as involvement in social, community, or religious groups.

VS.

Shultz:

Inclusion Need: Shultz describes this as an individual who needs to be recognized as unique individuals and to feel understood.

Wants to share and include others in their activities.

When this individual is understood by

someone else, they are worthy of the

other’s time and effort.

Group Formation Over Time

Maslow:

Believes “the higher we move up Maslow’s hierarchy, the more important communication becomes in need satisfaction.”

(text page 54).

VS.

Shultz:

The three basic needs influence individuals as they form

and interact in groups.

Start cautiously but friendly as evaluating one an other

and accepted by other members.

When conflicts resolve, turn into affection needs.

This formation patterns repeat as the group develops over time.

Decision making in groups involves a series of smaller decisions toward achieving the groups primary goal.

Maslow:

5 basic interpersonal needs that can be arranged in a hierarchy.

(Beebe & Masterson , pg53)

VS.

Shultz:

3 basic needs that influence individuals as they form

and interact in groups.

(Beebe &Masterson, pg 53-54)

Advantages and Disadvantages of Working in Groups. (n.d.). Retrieved 23 May 2015, from http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/an-introduction-to-group-communication/s03-04-advantages-and-disadvantages-o.html

Beebe, S. A., & Masterson, J. T. (2014). Communicating in Small Groups: Principles and Practices (10th Edition) (10th ed.). Boston, MA. [etc.]: Allyn & Bacon.

Communication Theory: A First Looks. (n.d.). Retrieved 24 May 2015, from http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0073385026/228359/firo2.html

Dr Will Schutz originator of FIRO Theory | We Are Learning Edge. (n.d.). Retrieved 23 May 2015, from http://www.edgecon.co.uk/firo-theory

Images

https://leadershipchamps.wordpress.com/2011/03/28/firo-b-an-excellent-instrument-to-assess-your-interpersonal-behavioral-needs/

"The biggest strength of Maslow's needs theory relates to it's intuitive nature." (Redmond, 2009)

An example of this quote would be an individual who is not able to enjoy a higher-order need. This would be the individual who would have no place to live and nothing to eat. This individual may temporarily have a higher level need pursued but the desire for food and a place to live would be the priority over the rest.

This theory has remained popular regardless of the lack of scientific support.

" The case study by Cangemi (2009) demonstrates one instance of how the concept of needs can provide a framework for front line managers to change employee behavior." (Redmond, 2009).

This study showed the manager's style was modified after being aware of their employees' needs that could change over time. This improved organizational outcomes. This manager used an adaptation leadership behavior.

" It helps the managers to understand the behaviors of their employees. It also helps the managers to provide the right financial and non-financial motivation to their employees."( Akrani, 2010).

Akrani believes this theory increases efficiency, productivity, and profitability of a group because of Maslow's Needs Theory.

According to nationalvetcontent.com, when doing a presentation to an audience, when using Maslow's Needs Theory, you won't make the mistake of trying to appeal to an audience's higher needs when their basic needs are not yet satisfied.

This will prevent you from making a presentation to an audience who does not have an idea of what you are talking about.

Akrani, G. (2010, June 6). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - Theory of Human Motivation. Retrieved May 28, 2015, from http://kalyan-city.blogspot.com/2010/06/maslow-hierarchy-of-needs-theory-of.html\

Hall, T. E., Meyer, A., & Rose, D. H. (2012). Universal design for learning in the classroom:Practical applications. What works for special-needs learners series . New York, NY.

Kunc, N. (1992). The need to belong: Rediscovering Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Restructuring for Caring & Effective Education.

Maslow, A. H. (1943). A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychological Review, 50, 370-96.

McLeod, S. A. (2007). Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved from http://www.simplypsychology.org/maslow.html

Redmond, B. (2009, September 8). Need Theories - PSYCH 484: Work Attitudes and Job Motivation - Confluence. Retrieved May 28, 2015, from https://wikispaces.psu.edu/pages/viewpage.action?pageId=51544190

Photo Source:

http://quotespictures.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/you-will-either-step-forward-into-growth-or-you-will-step-backward-into-safety-abraham-maslow.jpg

http://www.pursuit-of-happiness.org/history-of-happiness/abraham-maslow/

Thank you for your time.

Any Questions?

Sincerely Kristi

Evaluation of the similarities between the two Theories

Sources:

Beebe, S.,& Matterson, J. (2012). Communicating In Small Groups Principles and Practices (10th ed.) Pearson Education.

Cherry, K. (2015). About Education, Phychology. Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved 2015 http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds.htm

Lynch, A. (2015). Communication Professor. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs. Retrieved 2015, fromhttp://www.comprofessor.com/2010/04/maslows-hierarchy-of-needs.html.

Evaluation of the differences between the two Theories

Maslow:

Physiological needs: Most basic survival example, water, air, food, sleep.

All needs are secondary until these

basic needs are met.

VS.

Shultz:

No physiological needs mentioned

in his theory.

Examination of Two Theories

Maslow vs. Schultz

Granite State College

COMM542.2OL

Interpersonal Comm & Group Dynamics

(Spring 2015)

By Eldridge

Maslow:

Safety Need: Safety and security is important for survival but not as demanding as physiological.

Examples are: Steady employment, healthcare, safe neighborhoods, shelters from environment.

(The picture of the health care symbol will be in this slide).

VS.

Shultz:

No Safety and Security needs mentioned in his theory.

Maslow:

Needs are displayed like a pyramid: The bottom level is basic physical requirements and as we travel up the pyramid the needs increase psychological and socially.

VS.

Shultz:

Individuals’ needs vary, but groups often provide settings in which such needs can

be satisfied.

Reviewing the Weaknesses of Schutz Theory

Reviewing the Strengths of Schutzs Theory

Cherry, K. (2015, ). Psychology: Theories, Experiments, and Quizzes. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs: What Motivates Behavior?. Retrieved 2015, from http://psychology.about.com/od/theoriesofpersonality/a/hierarchyneeds

Steven , B., & Masterson, J. Interpersonal Needs. Communicating in small groups principals and practices(pp. 53-5). Allyn & Bacon.2012.

CITES

Maslow:

Self Actualization Need: Highest level of needs where individuals are concerned with personal growth, less concerned about opinions of others, and interested in fulfilling their potential.

VS.

Shultz:

Affection: Individuals satisfy their affection needs through giving and receiving emotional support in groups.

Three needs instead of many

Inclusion

People “join groups to fulfill their need for inclusion” (pg 55 of textbook).

We want to be recognized as individuals and as a significant part of the group (This is similar to Maslow’s need to belong).

In addition to needing to be included there are those who feel the need to make sure that they include others.

Schutz referred to this as the “express inclusion need” (McGraw-Hill).

If a person has a balance of the two needs then Schutz says that they should show normal social behavior.

If not they will act in an introverted or extroverted behavior.

Control

We all want some sort of control over ourselves, our lives, and others.

We give others control over us when we seek guidance.

Affection

Everyone wants to give and receive emotional closeness.

Just because a person craves affection does not mean that they always give out affection.

They may seem distant to other while craving the closeness.

Maslow:

Esteem Need: This develops after a sense of belonging. Needs for respect and esteem. The need to feel accepted and considered worthwhile and valued by others. (Recognition and accomplishments).

VS.

Shultz:

Control Need: Feels people need to have some control over themselves and others; sometimes they need to give others some control over them,

(guidance and direction from others). Becomes more evident as group develops.

The theory is simple and cyclical

  • By only having three dimensions this theory Is easy to understand and remember.
  • In group formation members aim to fulfill their inclusion need and try to be accepted by others. As the group continues to develop control needs become apparent as leadership is chosen.
  • The control need turns into affection needs as the conflict resolves, and positive feelings are developed. Schutz states that this process is cyclical and will continue.

The Inclusion Phase:

This refers to the desire of participants to connect to

and associate with other people

- to want interaction and relationship.

This is a period when group members are becoming familiar with each other, though they have not yet formed close ties. There may be restlessness, tension and mobility.

Members are evaluating and probing each other for mutual or complementary interests, exploring possibilities and beginning some preliminary pairing.

The central issue for members at this stage is to belong

to the group or not.

"Whether you are in business or it is your personal life all participants need to be willing and open minded.

The interdependency of an insight or theory allows the

group to see strengths and

weaknesses. " (guidance-research).

Covers more than just how we behave in groups,

it shows how behaviors develop from how we feel about ourselves.

  • The FIRO theory covers more than just behavior.

  • Schutz theorized that our behaviors from inclusion, control, and affection are influenced by our feelings and beliefs towards ourselves.

- This shows our sense of significance, competence, and likability in our interactions for example how we behave towards our self comes from how we see and experience ourselves.

  • From inclusions comes self-determination.

  • From control come how we handle our lives and relationships.

  • From affection comes self-affection.

Based on dynamic psychology

  • Studies the psychological forces that control human behavior, emotions, and feelings, and how they might come from an early experience.

  • The FIRO theory is based on dynamic psychology of growth and development.

- This states that all behaviors come from three behavior dimensions which include inclusion, control and affection.

Reviewing the Weaknesses of Maslow's Theory

Sources:

The Control Phase:

The control issues become prominent. Control behavior is the independent and assertive activity of group members in the areas of power, authority, status, influence, decision-making and communications.

The group starts to differentiate and develop a social structure. People assume or are ascribed roles and functions, positions and ranks. Cliques form and alliances are made as members jockey for status and power.

Group members often compete against any formal authority vested in the group leader. The discomfort of creating and adjusting to a new social structure can manifest itself in a variety of behaviors such as: hostility, scapegoating, withdrawal, sub-grouping, power struggles and deviance which take members away from each other and pit them against each other.

A previously docile group or compliant group can suddenly erupt into conflict, bickering and apparent mutiny!

While groups can get stuck in this phase, the turmoil can bring with it much potential for reconstituting the group relationships on a higher level of involvement. Schutz proved that there was no weakness in the control phase either.

Schutz Strengths

  • The FIRO theory stands for Fundamental Interpersonal Relations Orientation.

  • The FIRO theory began the era when Human Potential Movement started to emerge as a dominant force in human development.

  • The Human Potential Movement was based on the thought that human being were essentially limitless.

  • William Schutz used his skills to help the Navy discover what makes teams compatible during the Korean War.

  • It was after this that he published the FIRO theory in 1958.

There is a lack of measurement involved in study.

  • Maslow based his theory primarily from theory and insight and it lacks scientific research.
  • Weakness comes from the difficulty of being able to test out the variables.
  • There is not a definite list of the concrete definition of the needs, the meaning of safety, security, esteem, and other elements that make up the theory making it difficult to test.
  • There is too much human error.
  • What is normal and expected in each person change and it does in different and between cultures.
  • There is no concrete way to measure how satisfied one level of need must be before the next need can be achieved.

Problems generalizing Maslow's theory across different cultures.

  • Maslow’s is a content theory developed by American theorists who researched only American’s in Western culture.
  • Different cultures value different needs. In collective societies, or societies in which family members and other in-group members look after each other in exchange for loyalty, belonging is a basic need while self-esteem is less important (Ciani and Gambrel, 2003). Not only do different cultures offer different needs, but so do different generations.

Reviewing the Strengths of Maslow's Theory

.

Maslow posited that human needs are arranged in a hierarchy:

'It is quite true that man lives by bread alone — when there is no bread. But what happens to man’s desires when there is plenty of bread and when his belly is chronically filled?

At once other (and “higher”) needs emerge and these, rather than physiological hungers, dominate the organism. And when these in turn are satisfied, again new (and still “higher”) needs emerge and so on.

This is what we mean by saying that the basic human needs are organized into a hierarchy of relative prepotency', (Maslow, 1943, p. 375).

Weakness

This model of group behavior, like all models, can be misused is applied too rigidly and uncritically.

For example, they can obscure what is really going on - and can distract attention away from the really issue. A group of dissatisfied participants can indicate that something is fundamentally wrong with the way a course or group is being run.

It is important that such theories or models are used to illuminate the dynamics of the group, rather than be used to rationalize the limitations of the group leader.

Whether you are in business or it is your personal life all participants need to be willing and open minded.

The interdependency of an insight or theory allows the group to see strengths and weaknesses.

The expanded hierarchy of needs:

It is important to note that Maslow's (1943, 1954) five stage model has been expanded to include cognitive

and aesthetic needs (Maslow, 1970a) and later transcendence needs (Maslow, 1970b).

Changes to the original five-stage model are indented and include a seven-stage model and an eight-stage model, both developed during the 1960's and 1970s.

1. Biological and Physiological needs - air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc.

2. Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, stability, etc.

3. Love and belongingness needs - friendship, intimacy, affection and love, - from work group, family, friends, and romantic relationships.

4. Esteem needs - self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige, managerial responsibility, etc.

5. Cognitive needs - knowledge, meaning, etc.

6. Aesthetic needs - appreciation and search for beauty, balance, form, etc.

7. Self-Actualization needs - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth and peak experiences.

8. Transcendence needs - helping others to achieve self-actualization.

Maslow wanted to understand what motivates people.

He believed that people possess a set of motivation systems unrelated to rewards or unconscious desires.

Maslow (1943) stated that people are motivated to achieve certain needs.

When one need is fulfilled a person seeks to fulfill the next one, and so on.

The earliest and most widespread version of Maslow's (1943, 1954) hierarchy of needs includes five

motivational needs, often depicted as hierarchical levels within a pyramid.

This five stage model can be divided into basic (or deficiency) needs (e.g. physiological, safety, love, and esteem)

and growth needs (self-actualization).

The deficiency or basic needs are said to motivate people when they are unmet.

Also, the need to fulfil such needs will become stronger the longer the duration they are denied.

For example, the longer a person goes without food the more hungry they will become.

One must satisfy lower level basic needs before progressing on to meet higher level growth needs.

Once these needs have been reasonably satisfied, one may be able to reach the highest level called self-actualization.

Every person is capable and has the desire to move up the hierarchy toward a level of self-actualization. Unfortunately, progress is often disrupted by failure to meet lower level needs.

Life experiences including divorce and loss of job may cause an individual to fluctuate

between levels of the hierarchy.

Maslow noted only one in a hundred people become fully self-actualized because our society rewards motivation primarily based on esteem, love and other social needs.

Pyramid Is Missing Social Connection or Collaboration.

  • Needs can’t be met without these. Connection is needed for survival- connection to plants, animals, and people.
  • Belongingness is human behavior-not an activity. Not everyone wants or needs to be self actualizing. We all want to connect and collaborate. Our need for survival through connection plays out through every successful social technology.

Sources:

- Maslow was focused more on the strengths of human behavior where as other Freudian psychologists at the time who focused more on the weaknesses of human behavior.

- Maslow stated that he thought that it is human tendency to reach for growth, identity, autonomy, and self-actualization. These needs are arranged in the pyramid that displays his theory.

- Maslow believes that psychological illnesses could be improved or reversed entirely depending on which needs were and were not being met.

It Is To Rigid and Concrete with one need being met before another can be.

  • One person must be able to gratify one level of need first before moving up to another level. For example, one cannot move from Social needs unless satisfying the need for love and belongingness.
  • One need is activated at a time. An individual cannot gratify all needs simultaneously. Sometimes people are not aware of their own needs.

Works Cited:

Beebe, S.A. & Masterson, J.T. (2014). Communicating in Small Groups: Principles and Practices (10th Edition) Boston, MA. Allyn & Bacon

http://highered.mheducation.com/sites/dl/free/0073385026/228359/firo.html

http://www.guidance-research.org/EG/imppra/.../IMpp4iiitheories/impp4iiidev

Maslow's hierarchy

provides a model for how students are motivated to learn.

Without the bottom layer of the hierarchy met, students cannot reach the next level.

Each student can move up in the hierarchy with the proper support.

Education can be aware and conscious of where student's are to help them develop.

Students with IEPs, learning disabilities, or bad home life especially may need attention paid to where they are in their needs.

When all levels of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs are met, students are at their full potential for learning.

- In order for students to succeed in the classroom, they must be motivated to learn.

  • The biggest issue of students is the lack of sense of belonging - the no bully tolerance helps with this.
  • If a school is aware that their basic needs aren’t being met - free breakfast, lunch, and clothes can help.

For example, a student would not be able to enter a classroom with an empty stomach

and the fear of dying from starvation and successfully learn.

Knowing a student’s home life might help get them support services at school.

The higher up in the hierarchy a student is, the more levels that are met, the better the motivation

and therefore the more learning that the student will experience.

Students with exceptionalities are especially affected by Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.

According to Norman Kunc, all children are children and all children need to feel a sense of belonging, (Kunc, 1992).

In order for students with exceptionalities to be motivated to learn, they must have a sense of belonging.

Belonging, the third level of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs, may be difficult for students with exceptionalities to obtain

because they may have learning or physical disabilities that may set them apart from their peers.

Some careers put other's needs before their own making an exception to pyramid.

  • Some people put other’s needs before their own and their own safety.

This includes police, firefighters, and emergency personal, military, and medical staff. It is also possible to achieve self-actualization without having all of your lower needs met, thereby falsifying the theory (McLeod, 2007).

Sources Used:

Beebe, S.,& Matterson, J. (2012) Communicating In Small Groups Principles and Practices (10th ed.)Pearson Education

Nain, Bhavya, Nain's Hierarchy of Needs: An Alternative to Maslow's & ERG's Hierarchy of Needs (June 14, 2013)

http://www.forbes.com/sites/stevedenning/2012/03/29/what-maslow-missed/

https://wikispaces.psu.edu/display/psych484/2.+need+theories

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