Carbon DioxRIDE through the body

Bibliography

Works Cited

CliffNotes.com. Cliffnotes, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://www.cliffsnotes.com/sciences/anatomy-and-physiology/the-respiratory-system/mechanics-of-breathing>.

Famous Scientist. Independant, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://www.famousscientists.org/robert-boyle/>.

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Wikipedia. Wikipedia, n.d. Web. 16 Mar. 2015. <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trachea>.

Antagonistic Muscles

• In literature, the antagonist is the bad guy - technically, a character that works against the main character.
• Intercostal muscles are where this is seen in breathing..
• When external intercostal contract to increase the volume of the thoracic cavity, the internal intercostal will relax. And vice versa.
• Every action has equal and opposite reaction.
• This happens with extensors and flexors for example biceps (flexors) and triceps (extensors)

Inspiration

Expiration

The contracting of the lungs to expel air.

Diaphragm relaxes.

External intercostal muscles relax and internal contract.

Ribs and sternum sink inwards = decreases the volume of Thoracic Cavity.

Air rushes out because Boyle’s Law...

The expanding of the lungs to take in air.

Diaphragm contracts.

External intercostal muscles contract.

Internal intercostal muscles relax.

Ribs and sternum pulled outwards = increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

Air rushes in because Boyle’s Law….

Boyle's Law

This 17th century philosopher/scientist proved that pressure is inversely proportional to volume as we can see via the formula

P1V1 = P2V2

This is important because it explains how our lungs work. During inspiration, when thoracic cavity expands, our lungs have greater volume. Therefore the air pressure in the surroundings is higher than within the lungs = air rushes into the lungs.

During expiration its the opposite. When the thoracic cavity decreases in volume, the greater air pressure region of the lungs naturally expels air out into the atmosphere.

Fun facts about Robert Boyle:

1. He was Irish.

2. He was super rich and went to Eton. His dad was the Lord Treasurer of Ireland.

3. Boyle was almost elected president of the Royal Society but declined for ‘religious reasons.’

4. He never got married.

Trachea is the Trunk!

• The path from our mouth to our blood capillaries resemble an upside down tree.
• If alveoli are the leaves and bronchi are the branches then… Trachea is the TRUNK!
• Connect larynx/pharynx to the lungs.
• It is present in all lung breathing animals except for the Lungfish
• Bronchi/us connects the tracheo to the bronchioles with eventually branch out into alveoli. These are the bigger branches on the tree. No gas exhange happens here

Bronchioles are the smaller branches that connect the bronchus to the alveolus. No gas exchange happens here - again just a passage for air.

The concentration gradient...

• Causes the oxygen to diffuse from the high concentration in the alveoli into the blood capillaries
• Causes the carbon dioxide to diffuse down the concentration gradient from the blood capillaries into the alveoli.
• The fresh air goes in, stale air comes out.
• The capillaries carry the oxygenated blood away from the lungs

EVERY BREATH YOU TAKE...

• Fresh air, rich in oxygen, travels into the lungs and into the alveoli
• This helps maintain a higher concentration of oxygen in the alveoli compared to the adjacent blood capillaries.

Type I Pneumocytes

- Extremely thin

adapted to carry out gas exchange

- Most of the epithelium cless are type I

Thickness = .15 um

- Thin so the distance for diffusion is small, which increases the rate of gas exanchange

Type II Pneumocytes

- Secrete a solution containinsurfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli

- prevent the sides of the alvelus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension

- prevents water from causing the sides of the alveoli to adhere when air is exhaled fromt he lungs

- prevents the collapse of lungs

the large number of Alveoli increases the total surface area for diffusion to occur, which means oxygen and carbon dioxide can be more quickly and efficiently exchanged

Oxygen & Carbon DioxRIDE's movement through the body