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Sumo Wrestling

Thesis

Sumo wrestling is deeply rooted in Japanese history and culture, however various factors, such as health risks, corruption, and hazing make it an imperfect sport.

Taiho Koki

32 Championship Wins

History

Finishing Moves

Rules

oshi = push with elbows bent

uwate = outer grip on belt

otoshi = drop

tsuki = push with elbows locked

shitate = inner grip on belt

hineri = twist

yori = lean or force with one's weight

kiri = literally to cut, or force out

k/gake = trip

okuri = send out of the ring

nage = throw

dashi = send out of the ring

soto = outside

taoshi = knock down to the ring

hiki = pull down

uchi = inside

dohyo iri

Pre-Match Ceremony

How to win:

1. Force opponent out of the ring.

2. Force opponent to touch any part of his body to the floor other than the bottom of his feet.

  • Juryo: 2nd 28
  • Makuuchi: top 42
  • circle, turn inward, clap, raise, lift, raise
  • Samurai era - no weapons
  • Tumulus Period (250-552)
  • Originally entertainment for gods during Matsuri festivals
  • Not until 17th century did it adopt rituals we see today

Heya (stables)

Dress

  • Training centers
  • Every wrestler must belong to one

Daily

Ceremony

  • Loincloth = mawashi
  • 5 white zigzag folded strips of paper + fringes of twisted string represent Shinto shrine
  • Numbers of string = odd between 17-21 (lucky)
  • Opening
  • Pre-match
  • Closing

Shinto Religion

Shinto Symbolism

Controversies

Yumi-tori

Yakusa

  • Sand covering dohyo = symbol of purity
  • Canopy above ring (Yakata) resembles Shinto Shrine
  • 4 tassels = 4 seasons
  • white = autumn
  • black = winter
  • green = spring
  • red = summer
  • purple bunting = drifting of clouds + change of seasons
  • Ref (gyogi) represents priest in traditional robe
  • (bow twirling)
  • makushita (3rd rank ~120)
  • fans stay until finished
  • Indigenous faith meaning "Way of the Gods"
  • No founder/scriptures
  • Gods = Kami
  • Rituals serve to keep away evil spirits
  • purification
  • prayers
  • offerings

"The incentive structure of promotoion leads to gains from trade between wrestlers on the margin for acheiving a winning record and their opponents."

-Duggan and Levitt

Health Issues

Conclusion

  • Wrestlers >400lbs -> knee, ankle, and hip problems
  • Many chronic health problems after retirement
  • high blood pressure
  • hardened arteries
  • diabetes
  • Avg weight = 350 lbs
  • Avg BMI = 45
  • Avg % fat = 25
  • Avg life span = 60 years

Sumo wrestling is an ancient tradition of the Shinto religion of Japan. Sumo wrestling has evolved from a ritual designed to entertain gods to a multifaceted sport we see today. Sumo, however has various flaws. Wrestlers and gamblers will rig matches to ensure profit. Training stables use harsh hazing methods. Finally, weight gaining methods have harmful long-term effects on the body of a wrestler.

Bibliogaphy

"Sumo Wrestling Rules." Sumo Wrestling Rules. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

"Shinto." Shinto. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Apr. 2014.

"The History of Sumo Wrestling." The History of Sumo Wrestling. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2014.

Duggan, Mark, and Steven D. Levitt. "Winning Isn’t Everything: Corruption in Sumo Wrestling." American Economic Review 92.5 (2002): 1594-605. Print.

Sumo becoming concerned about the health of its stars. (2001, Jan 31). The Spectator. Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/270035768?accountid=12935

Yamauchi, Taro, Takashi Abe, Taishi Midorikawa, and Masakatsu Kondo. "Body Composition and Resting Metabolic Rate of Japanese College Sumo Wrestlers and Non-athlete Students: Are Sumo Wrestlers Obese?" Anthropological Science 112.2 (2004): 179-85. Print.

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