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SULPHUR DIOXIDE

(a) an antioxidant and an inhibitor of microbial growth.

(b) total sulphur dioxide in soft drinks contains free sulphur dioxide and

bound sulphur dioxide.

(c) free sulphur dioxide-Portion of sulphur dioxide (SO2) that is not

bound to the sulphur dioxide binding compounds present in soft

drinks.

(d) free to provide antimicrobial or antioxidative protection in soft drinks.

(e) free sulphur dioxide exists in three different forms in soft drinks, that

are molecular SO2, bisulphite ions and sulphite ions.

they are related by the equilibria

SO2(aq) + H2O(l)-------> H+(aq) + HSO3 –(aq)-------> 2H+(aq) + SO32-(aq)

(f) in our experiment, 4 types of soft drinks were used to determine the

amount of sulphur dioxide: 100 Plus, Kickapoo Joy Juice, F & N Cool Ice

Cream Soda and 7 Up.

(g) in conclusion, experiments can be done to determine the amount of

sulphur dioxide in soft drinks by using volumetric analysis.

1) 100 Plus is most suitable soft drinks for daily consumption because it

has lowest amount of total SO2.

3) Free SO2 make sure soft drink do not turn bad.

4) Bound SO2 will not harm human body.

5) Aspiration Method help to avoid difficulty to observe results.

6) OKO water bottle decolourises the colour of samples.

ABSTRACT

The aim of the experiment is to determine the amount of sulphur dioxide in soft drinks. To ensure that the results achieved are obvious, 4 types of soft drinks, that are 100 Plus, Kickapoo Joy Joice, F&N Cool Ice Cream Soda and 7 Up were used in the experiment. The method used in the experiment is known as volumetric analysis. From the experiment, it is evident that SO2 is present in the four soft drinks used. 100 Plus contains second highest amount of free sulphur dioxide and lowest amount of total sulphur dioxide. Hopefully, this experiment will provide information and awareness of the effect of SO2 to the consumers’ health.

THANK YOU!=D

AIM:

Determination of Sulphur Dioxide in Soft Drinks by using Volumetric Analysis.

OBJECTIVES:

RESULTS

CONCLUSION

OBSERVATION:

ANALYSIS OF DATA

1) To determine the amount of free sulphur dioxide in soft drinks.

2) To determine the amount of total sulphur dioxide in soft drinks.

DISCUSSION

PART 1 :

DETERMINATION OF FREE SULPHUR DIOXIDE

PART 2 :

DETERMINATION OF TOTAL SULPHUR DIOXIDE

Pipette 50 mL of sample into a conical flask

Pipette 25 mL of sample into a conical flask

Kickapoo Joy Juice

Add 5 mL of 25% v/v sulphuric acid followed by 3 mL starch solution

100 Plus

Add about 25 mL of NaOH solution to the sample

Fill a burette with 0.01 M iodine solution

CALCULATIONS

Shake the flask and leave it to stand for 15 minutes

Record the initial burette reading

Repeat steps for 3 times for each sample

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Add 10 mL of 25% v/v sulphuric acid

Titrate the sample with iodine solution

Add 3 mL starch solution

Titrate the solution with iodine solution

Record the titre required to produce first appearance of deep blue colour

Record the titre required to produce the first appearnce of deep blue colour

Free SO2

Highest : Kickapoo Joy Juice (66.60 mgL-1)

Lowest : 7 Up (30.77 mgL-1)

Total SO2

Highest : F&N Cool Ice Cream Soda (227.56 mgL-1)

Lowest :100 Plus (147.43 mgL-1 )

PART 2: Determination of total SO2 in 100 Plus

Calculate the concentration of total SO2.

Volume of I2 used = 4.60 cm3

Number of Mole = MV / 1000

= 0.01 (4.60) / 1000

= 4.60 x 10-5 mol of iodine solution.

SO2 + I2 + 2H2O -------------> 4 H+ + SO4 2-+ 2 I-

1 mol of I2 ------------------>1 mol of SO2

4.60 x 10-5 mol of I2 ----------------> 4.60 x 10-5 mol of total SO2

.:. Amount (in mol) of total SO2 = 4.65 x 10-5 mol

20ml of 100 Plus used = 20ml / 1000

= 0.02 L

.:. Concentration of total SO2 = 4.60 x 10-5mol / 0.02 L

= 2.30 x 10-3 mol L-1

4.6 x 10-5 mol of total SO2 used.

Mole = Mass / RMM

4.6 x 10-5 mol = Mass (g) / 64.1 (RMM)

Mass(g) = 2.9486 x 10-3 g x 1000

Mass(mg) = 2.9486 mg

.:.Concentration of total SO2 = 2.9486 mg / 0.02 L

= 147.43 mgL-1

PART 1: Determination of free SO2 in 100 Plus

1) From the volume of iodine solution used, calculate the

amount (in mol) in 0.01 mol dm-3 iodine solution.

Number of Mole = MV/ 1000

= 0.01(4.65)/1000

= 4.65 x 10-5 mol of iodine

solution

2) Using an equation for the reaction, calculate the amount (in mol) of free SO2.

SO2 + I2 + 2H2O -------------> 4H+ + SO42- + 2I-

1 mol of I2 --------------------> 1 mol of SO2

4.65 x 10-5 mol of I2--------> 4.65 x 10-5 mol of free SO2

.:. Amount (in mol) of free SO2 = 4.65 x 10-5 mol

3) Calculate the concentration of free SO2 in the sample (in mol L-1).

Volume of 100 Plus used = 50 mL / 1000

= 0.05 L

Number of Mole of free SO2 = 4.65 x 10-5 mol

Concentration of free SO2 = 4.65 x 10-5 mol / 0.05 L

= 9.30 x 10-4 mol L-1

4) Express the concentration of free SO2 in mgL-1.

Number of Mole of free SO2 = 4.65 x 10-5 mol

RMM of free SO2 = 64.1

.:. 4.65x 10-5 = mass(g) / RMM (64.1)

Mass (g) = 2.98065 x 10-3 g

= 2.98065 x 10-3 g x (1000)

= 2.98065 mg

.:. Concentration of free SO2 = 2.98065 mg / 0.05 L

= 59.61 mgL-1 of free SO2

F&N Cool Ice Cream Soda

Table: Concentration of free SO2 and total SO2 in samples of soft drinks

METHODOLOGY

Function of SO2 in soft drink

-As preservative

-Prevent bacterial

-Prevent oxidation

Benefits of 100 Plus with low total SO2

-provides energy from carbohydrates

-refuel muscles and maintain optimal athletic

performance.

METHOD OF VOLUMETRIC ANALYSIS WAS USED TO DETERMINE THE AMOUNT SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN SOFT DRINKS.

Part 1 : Determination of free SO2.

1. For 100 Plus, 4.90 cm3 of iodine was added in the 1st attempt and 4.40 cm3

of iodine was added in 2nd attempt before we see a change in colour.

2. For Kickapoo Joy Juice, 5.80 cm3 of iodine was added in the 1st try and 4.60

cm3 of iodine was added in the 2nd try.

3. In F&N Cool Ice Cream Soda, 5.00 cm3 and 3.30cm3 of iodine was added in 2

different attempts before colour changes in the sample used.

4. In 7 Up, 2.80 cm3 and 2.00 cm3 was required to change the colour of the

sample.

Part 2 : Determination of total SO2.

1. In 100 Plus, 4.10 cm3 and 5.10 cm3 of iodine was added in two different

attempts to achieve a colour change in sample.

2. For Kickapoo Joy Juice, 3.00 cm3 of iodine was added before colour changes in

the sample. 7.10 cm3 of iodine was needed in the next attempt.

3. For F&N Cool Ice Cream Soda, 5.70 cm3 and 8.50 cm3 of iodine was titrated

into sample before sample changes colour.

4. In 7 Up, 4.80 cm3 and 6.10 cm3 was added into sample to achieve a change in

colour of the sample.

INTRODUCTION

APPARATUS:

250 mL conical flasks, 20.0 and 50.0 mL volumetric pipettes, stoppers to suit flasks,

burette, measuring cylinders, retort stands, white tiles and stopwatch.

MATERIALS:

0.01 mol dm-3 I2 solution, 25% v/v H2SO4 solution, 0.2% w/v starch solution,

1.00 mol dm-3 NaOH solution and soft drinks (100 Plus, Kickapoo Joy Juice, F & N Cool Ice Cream Soda and 7 Up.

7 Up

Concentration

of Sulphur Dioxide (mgL-1)

Health risk of SO2 in soft drink

-Cause asthma

-Allergic reaction

-Cancer and tumor growth

-Leukemia

Comparison of total SO2 present in sample with legal limit

Legal limit: 250.00 mgL-1

100 Plus: 147.43 mgL-1

Kickapoo: 161.86 mgL-1

F&N Cool Ice Cream Soda: 227.56 mgL-1

7 Up: 174.67 mgL-1

7 Up

100 Plus

F&N Cool

Ice Cream Soda

Kickapoo

Joy Juice

Figure : Comparison between amount of free SO2 and total SO2 in

samples of soft drinks.

SULPHUR DIOXIDE IN SOFT DRINKS

NG TONG YEW 940317-05-5027 SN0121/1040

LAU GUANG HUI 940212-05-5151 SN0121/1037

CHAI CHUAN XIAN 940517-05-5697 SNO121/1033

RYAN SOONG LI YIH 941111-05-5149 SN0122/1094

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