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HOW THE US RECEIVES THEM

Cubans´ life in the USA

Contributions:

-25% of Miami indutries are Cuban.

-Most educated ethnics groups in the USA.

Citizenship in the USA:

-After an year they are eligible to apply for a change in legal status, get an inmigrant visa, permanent recidence and U.S citizenship.

-The policy applies to undocument aliens from Cuba only.

Employments:

-Cubans that went to the USA could start with economically superior jobs to survive.

- Cubans that had an academic degree could start to practice their profession in the USA.

- Most of them are doctors.

Assimilation:

-Depends on the time in which they migrated.

- The 1950', 60',70' migrants who were high class Cubans assimilated easily because of their high levels of education.

-Recently inmigrants have not assimilated as easily as earlier inmigrants because they migrate to the USA searching for jobs and a better quality of life.

STATISTICS

1959 –1960

250,000 Cuban

immigrants arrived

1965-1973

300,000 Cuban

immigrants arrived

1980

125,000 Cuban

immigrants arrived

  • Since 1959 1,7 million Cubans left the country.
  • Since 2005 the population rate in Cuba stuck in 11 million inhabitants.
  • Since 2007, 36.700 people left Cuba per year (average).
  • 77% of thel 2008 migrants were of working-age.
  • Dozens of thousands work and reside temporarily abroad

and are not considered emigrants.

During the Cold War

Cuban "Embargo" or Blockade

Cuban Adjustment Act

Provides that a Cuban who has been paroled into the country will automatically be granted legal permanent refugee status one year after entry as long as criminal or other deportable acts have not been committed.

Access to the benefits of the refugee program such as adjustment assistance and immediate access to welfare and health benefits, access to subsidized housing, job training assistance, etc.

Today

  • Commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed on Cuba by the United States.
  • Began on October 1960 (almost two years after the Batista regime was deposed by the Cuban Revolution) when the US placed an embargo on exports to Cuba (except for food and medicine)
  • February 1962: extended to include almost all imports.
  • Immigrant Visa required

First wave

  • Wealthy, professionals or elites forced to abandon

their property, culture, and political connections. (scared of communism)

  • Wet foot, dry foot policy (1995)

Informal name given to an agreement Cuban migrants seeking passage to the United States who are intercepted at sea ("wet feet") are sent back to Cuba or to a third country, while those who make it to U.S. soil ("dry feet") are allowed to remain in the United States. The policy has been written into law as an amendment to the 1966 Cuban Adjustment Act.

  • Cuban Family Reunification Program

Family preference-based immigrant visa petitions.

Opportunity to travel to the United States rather than remain in Cuba until their immigrant visa case becomes current.

To expedite family reunification through safe, legal, and orderly channels of migration to the US and to discourage dangerous and irregular maritime migration

Second wave (60´s - 70´s)

  • Less wealthy relatives came later to join them in large urban communities (financial issues).
  • Better jobs and life quality as shop owners and skilled craftsman. Communist regime would not help their social and political standing.
  • Relied on the US government - charter flights (weekly "freedom flights" - Lyndon Johnson.)

Third Wave (80´s)

  • Planes stopped coming. A large flotilla exodus of marielitos was organised.
  • Working class and minority groups that lived in Cuba.
  • Protrayed as "undesirables", associated as criminals and miscreants. Even though only 1% were actually criminals.
  • Generation of refugees that were true Cuban exiles: had seen the worse of communism.
  • Elite Cubans had saturated the American economy and there was little room left for poor and/or minority Cubans to have influence.

Migrations to Miami

Fourth wave

  • Flow of refugees continued and the Cuban population that settled in America became that much more diverse. Still today!
  • Called Balseros
  • After many years living under the communist regime they need to find a place to live that is more economically and socially viable.

Closeness

Florida coast to Cuba.

Gives immigrants a close destination to escape the harms of their home country.

63% of all Cubans in the United States live in Florida.

There are also large Cuban communities in New York, New Jersey and California.

Miami, just 225 miles away from Cuba, has been highly influenced by significant waves of immigration. The most significant was during the Cuban Revolution in 1959, in which thousands of Cubans settled Hialeah and in the ethnic enclave Little Havana.

KEY REFERENCES

1. 1933: Batista´s regime, drove thousands of Cubans into exile.

2. 1959: The Cuban Revolution drove thousands of exiles to Miami and other cities in the United States.

3. 1980: Approximately 125.000 of cubans flee from Cuba from the Puerto de Mariel .

4. Miami today

Interview - Arturo Sandoval, Cuban musician living in the United States

HOW?

WAYS:

  • Trucks converted into a marine vessel with air-filled drums and a propeller for propulsion.
  • Extremely unsafe rafts and dangerous conditions.
  • Cubans migrate as animals, desperated to find a better quality of life.
  • Balsero crisis-1994: 25% to 75% of all those who attempted to migrate were dying at sea.

CUBAN IMMIGRATION

TO THE UNITED STATES

Cuba

WHY?

Playa Girón by Silvio Rodríguez

  • 1961, one of two landing sites for seaborne forces of about 1,500 armed Cuban exiles in the Bay of Pigs Invasion
  • American attempt to overthrow Castro.
  • Last remaining area occupied by the invaders.

Oceanic migration routes

Communist since the 1959 revolution (military coup - Fidel Castro):

  • Looked for freedom, a better life and the national independence through guerrilla warfare. Discomfort. Guerrilla warfare.
  • Opposition and counter revolutionaries suppressed
  • Highly supported - poor political experience.
  • Agrarian reform, expropriation of local and North American monopolies, extension of sanitary services, campaigns of massive literacy.
  • 1961: Communist party of Cuba

Precarious economy, aided by Venezuela

  • Sugar production fell since the revolution.
  • Oil, nickel, tourism industries in the rise.

Political reasons

-1959: supporters of Batista´s regime.

-Flee the persecution of Castro’s government

-Freedoms of democracy, such as the freedom of speech and the press, freedom is a draw of the United States.

Economic reasons

-During Castro’s rule, the conditions of life got worse, and many people now flee seeking a jobs and a better life. Present migration continues at a high rate.

-Many Cubans leave seeking a better life and employment. They also often have family members in the US, giving them a base on which to begin their life.

-Cubans´ life conditions become worse day by day, high level of poverty, people die of hunger, lack of jobs, people with university degrees can't practice their professions.

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