An atom is the smallest unit of matter that defines the chem

Bond Energy

Is the amount of energy that it takes to break a bond between two atoms.

Energy is realeased when a bond form.

The break down of glucose provides chemical energy for all activities, including running.

Chemical Reactions

Carbon-based molecules are the foundation of life

Enzymes An enzyme is a protein that acts as biological catalyst. A catalyst is a substance

that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction. Catalysts work by lowering a reaction’s

activation energy.

• In an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, the reactants are known as substrates. Substrates bind to a part of an enzyme called the active site and remain bound to the enzyme until the reaction is complete, when the products are released.
• Temperature, pH, and regulatory molecules can affect the activity of enzymes.

Chemical Reactions: Is the changing in substances into a different substance by the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. The whole life depends on chemical changes.

MANY COMPOUNDS DISSOLVE IN WATER

Water's unique properties allow life to exist on earth.

In water, many compounds can be dissolved. For example in salt water, water is the solvent or the substance were the solute is dissolved. Solute is the compound dissolved, in this case the solute is salt. And the result will be a solution, or salt water in this case

Carbon atoms have unique bonding properties.

• Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms,

including other carbon atoms.

• Carbon-based molecules have three general types of

structures.

– straight chain

– branched chain

– ring

Ionic bond is for between a negative charged ion and a positive charged ion. For example: Salt, or sodium

chloride

A covelent bond is form when atoms share a pairs of electrons. A molecule is two or mored atoms held together by a covalnt bond

Ionic bonds

A base is a substance that accepts hydrogen ions. When a base is dissolved in water, the balance between hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions shifts the opposite way. Because the base "soaks up" hydrogen ions, the result is a solution with more hydroxide ions than hydrogen ions.

• Taste bitter.
• are blue on red litmus paper (a pH indicator).
• Common Examples: Soap, toothpaste, bleach, cleaning agents, limewater, ammonia water, sodium hydroxide.

Properties

BASE

SOME COMPOUNDS FORM ACID OR BASES

• Produce a piercing pain in a wound.
• Taste sour.
• Are red on blue litmus paper (a pH indicator).

Stomach acid is between1-3 in the pH Scale.

Acid is a material that can release a proton or hydrogen ion (H +). Hydrogen chloride in water solution ionizes and becomes hydrogen ions and chloride ions.

Properties:

ACIDS

Covalents Bonds and a Molecule

Atoms

Ion

Properties of water

Chemical Equilibrum

Energy in Reactions Some chemical reactions release energy; others absorb energy.

• Chemical reactions that release energy often occur on their own.
• Chemical reactions that absorb energy require a source of energy. The energy needed to get a reaction started is called the activation energy.

Is when both the reactants and products are made at the same rate.

CO2+ H2O H2CO3

Activation energy is the amount of energy that needs to be absorbed for a chemical reaction to start.

An atom is the smallest unit of matter that defines the chemical elements. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is made up of neutral or ionized atoms.

An ion is an atom or molecule in which the total number of electrons is not equal to the total number of protons, giving the atom or molecule a net positive or negative electrical charge.

Elements

A substance that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical means, and is made up of atoms all with identical number of protons. An element cannot usually can be

broken

Compounds

Two or more elements chemically compound. A compound is a substance made of a atom of different elements bonded together in a certain radio.

Properties Related to Hydrogen Bonds

High specific heat: Hydrogen bonds give water a high specific heat. This means that water resists changes in temperature, which is important in helping cells to maintain homeostasis.

Cohesion: The attraction among molecules of the same substance is cohesion. Cohesion from hydrogen bonds makes water molecules stick to each other.

Adhesion: The attraction among molecules of different substances is called adhesion.

Chemical Reactions Everything that happens in an organism is based on chemical

reactions. A chemical reaction is a process that changes one set of chemicals into another set

of chemicals.

• The elements or compounds that enter into the reaction are the reactants.
• The elements or compounds produced by the reaction are the products

Many carbon-based molecules are made of many small

subunits bonded together.

– Monomers are the individual subunits.

– Polymers are made of many monomers.

Mono: One

Poly: Many

• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins

in organisms.

• Proteins are polymers of amino acid monomers.

– Twenty different amino acids are used to build proteins

in organisms.

– Amino acids differ in side groups, or R groups.

• Lipids are nonpolar molecules that include fats, oils, and

cholesterol.

– Many contain carbon chains called fatty acids.

– Fats and oils contain fatty acids bonded to glycerol.

• Lipids have several different functions.

– broken down as a source of energy

– make up cell membranes

– used to make hormones

• Fats and oils have different types of fatty acids.

– saturated fatty acids

– unsaturated fatty acids

Four main types of carbon-based molecules are found in living things.

• Nucleic acids are polymers of monomers called

nucleotides.

– Nucleotides are made of a sugar, phosphate

group, and a nitrogen base.

– RNA builds proteins

– DNA stores genetic

information.

• Carbohydrates are made of carbon, hydrogen, and

oxygen.

– Carbohydrates include

sugars and starches.

– Monosaccharides are

simple sugars.

– Polysaccharides include

starches, cellulose, and

glycogen.

• Carbohydrates can be broken down to provide

energy for cells.

• Some carbohydrates are part of cell structure.