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French pronatalist programs have become more inclusive.
Including non-citizen, legal immigrants in all family programs, even though many on the political right oppose this.
Beginning the 1966 the state used the strict banning of abortion and financial incentives to increase the birth rate
Jewish fertility is much lower than the Arab fertility
Encourage Jewish immigration into Israel.
Although, numerous leaders and activists have advocated pronatalist initiatives as well.
Compared to other pronatalist countries, Israeli efforts to encourage fertility have been weak.
To what extend policies of France, Romania, Israel, and Singapore- all explicitly pronatalist- reflect ethno-nationalist ideologies?
By the 1980s, however, fertility was below replacement levels, so the government switched to a pronatalist orientation, since 1983 Singapore has offered a set of incentives encourage citizens to have more children.
1. Policies have moved away from an approach that sees women as primarily responsible for the nation’s birth rate to one that focuses on helping people combine parenthood and labor force participation.
More state-based and inclusive than ethno nationalisms but with a cultural component.
Includes all citizens and egalitarian gender roles.
2. Desire from some leaders to ensure the dominance of a particular ethnic group.
- Policies have become indicative of civic- cultural nationalism rather than ethno- nationalism in recent years.
- Population growth and economic development differ dramatically between poor and wealth countries.
-Low fertility countries such as Canada, have chosen to encourage immigration.
Civil nationalism
Citizen- based rather than ancestry- based.
- Demographic trends can change the character of a national community.
-Migration can cause changes in national identity.
Demographic change can alter the balance of power between dominant and non-dominant ethnic groups within states.
Demographic trends are connected to how nations imagined themselves.
Ethno-nationalist ideology is unsustainable in the long run given current demographic trends in low fertility countries.