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Practices and Nature of the Chinese Civil War

Long March

Use of Propaganda

Battle of Ludong Bridge

  • Huge Chinese losses in the east
  • Retreat towards the north Shanxi
  • Harsh Conditions
  • No Soviet support

Inter Communist Rivalry

  • Mao had 10,000 troops
  • Guang had 80,000 troop
  • Mao refused to give up control
  • led to long march

CPC situation during the war

Communist activities during the war

Mao on war, 1947:

Initial Fighting

  • Minority of Communist vs the Massive Nationalist GMD
  • Communist Strongholds in Jangxi, Henan, Shanxi
  • Chiang Kai Shek amassed an army of nearly 1 million men both Nationalist troops and warlords troops
  • Campaign of encirclement

  • The Communists acted independently and avoided to engage the Japanese in conventional battles.
  • Focus most of their energy on building up their sphere of influence
  • Absorbed Chinese guerrilla forces behind Japanese lines.
  • Chinese militia who refused was attacked

"Strive to annihilate the enemy in mobile warfare, but at the same time pay attention to tactics of positional attack for seizing enemy strongholds and cities."

Quoted in Wilson, D. 1991. China’s Revolutionary War. Lond, UK Weidenfel and Nicholson. P 157

1950

1940

1945

1935

1930

1949- How did(spoiler alert) the communists win?

1945

New Fourth Army Incident

Fall 1946

Second Sino-Japanese War

  • US tries to set up treaty.
  • Both sides agree to sign treaty
  • Chiang wants to take advantage of his number ratio advantage
  • Mao rallies the troops.

Morale of both troops and citizens much higher

Strategies fit the army

  • Mao and Lin Biao knew how to use their smaller forces
  • Chiang rarely retreated, lost many in pointless battles

Surveillance

  • Assistant Chief of Staff, Liu Fei...was a spy for the communists, and convienietly head of the GMD's War Planning Board.
  • After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident on July 7th, the Second Sino-Japanese War broke out.

7 Jan. 1941 - 13 Jan. 1941

ROC army and PRC army engaged and PRC suffered heavy losses

ROC point of view and PRC point of view differs

Phase two officially begins when communists attack Manchuria

Communists- 1 million troops, lacked air power and tanks

Nationalists- had support of US, 3 million troops, held major cites in Manchuria. Was facing internal problems such as starving people due to mass inflation. In 1947, it took 100,000 yuan to equal one US dollar.

Formation of the Second United Front

Chiang wanted to eliminate Chinese Communist Party before fighting against the Japanese invasion

ROC Point of view

  • It was a counterattack
  • Retribution to treachery and harassment of ROC troops.

Xi'an Incident on 12 December 1936 forced the KMT to form the Second United Front

PRC Point of view

  • ROC troops ambushed the New Fourth Army who was following Chiang's order

Phase 2

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