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Unit II Part F: Imperialism
Tunisia
Morocco
Imperialism in Africa
Egypt
CHINA
Direct vs Indirect Control
Libya
North Africa
India
Algeria
The Suez Canal in Egypt was
completed by the French in 1869
Connecting the Mediterranean Sea to
the Indian Ocean
Great Britain took interest in Egypt for
that reason and bought Egypt’s share of the canal, eventually turning the country into a protectorate.
France gains control of Algeria,
Tunisia, and Monaco by 1912
Italy suffers a major defeat to Ethiopia
in 1896 and doesn’t return to Africa until 1911 to take Libya.
The Great Rebellion
There were two schools of thought when it came to control of colonies...
Direct Control:
Run by Western Officials
Expensive
Impact on Culture
Indirect Rule:
Run by local elites
Little cultural impact
Cheaper
Both:
Replaced independent rule with colonial power
In 1857 a growing Indian mistrust led to rebellion
The British call it the Sepoy Mutiny.
The Indians call it the First War for Independence.
The neutral observers call it the Great Rebellion.
Sepoy: Indian soldiers hired by the British.
When a group of troops refused to load their guns,
they were charged with mutiny, humiliated and thrown in prison.
A group of Sepoys rampaged, killing 50 men, women,
and children.
Soon, more Indians joined the revolt, including princes
who had lost land to the British.
Within a year however, loyal Indians and British troops
crushed the rebellion
British outnumbered rebels 230,000 to 45,000.
The divide between Muslim and Hindus kept the
Indians from working together
Indians massacred 200 defenseless women and
children.
Burma
Colonial Rule
Philippines
Britain took total control of all colonies.
Officials know as viceroy were appointed to
represent the monarchy
A staff of about 3,500 assisted the viceroy in ruling
almost 300 million people.
Effects on India:
The new government brought stability to India.
Indians were given jobs to build new roads, canals,
universities, the first Indian railway, and a new school system.
The school system was all British, few natives
benefitted financially from the construction, and British manufacturing put thousands of Indians out of work.
Nearly 30 million Indians starved when the British
forced farmers to switch from grain to cotton.
Even the upper class was in trouble as Britons
inserted themselves into government positions.
Sudan
Colonial Takeover: United States
Following the Spanish
American War America gained control of the Philippines.
President McKinley though it
was his obligation to Civilize other parts of the world.
Philippines resisted but
Ultimately Lost.
Control of the Philippines gave
the US an access point to trade with China
Indian Nationalism
Vietnam
Colonial Economies
First Nationalists
Upper class and English educated, from
urban areas, and trained in British Law.
They wanted to wait for reform but soon
realized that it would never come.
Indian National Congress (INC)
They wanted a share of the governing
process but could not get far with the Muslim/Hindu split.
The Road to Independence
A young Hindu from South Africa name
Mohandas Gandhi came to India.
Trained in British Law, Gandhi used a form of
nonviolent resistance to force the British to improve conditions for the poor.
Eventually he led India to total Independence.
Colonial Takeover: France
Fearing the worst after
Burma France forced Vietnam to become a Protectorate.
A political unit that depends
on another for protection.
Soon France controlled
more countries making the Union of French Indochina.
Colonizers did not want
colonies to set up Their Own Industries
Focused on Export of Raw
Materials
Infrastructure: Bridges,
Railroads, and Highways
Westernized Intellectuals:
Educated in West, Spoke Language, Worked in Colonial Institutions
Ethiopia
West Africa
By the late 1800s Europeans had a
great interest in Africa, specifically West Africa
Natural Resources:
Peanuts, Timber, Hide, and Palm Oil.
Slave Trade had ended by this
time.
In 1874 Britain Annexed the west
coast into the Golden Coast of the British Empire
Annexed: Incorporated a country
into another country
Malay Peninsula
Gold Coast
Colonial Takeover: Great Britain
The Congo
1819, Britain founded a
new colony on the Malay Peninsula
Singapore became the
stopping point for traffic traveling to China
The next to fall was
Burma allowing for a Land Route into China
Central Africa
Indonesia
Why Imperialize?
Dr. Livingston explored Africa for the
British
When he went missing, American
Reporter Henry Stanley went looking. Upon finding him he proclaimed “Dr. Livingston, I Presume?”
Following Livingston's death, Stanley
explored the Congo and attempted to entice the British to settle there.
When they didn’t, King Leopold II of
Belgium did. Leading to Belgian control of Central Africa
France rushed to catch up, taking much
of Northern Central Africa, leaving the southern half and Congo for Belgium
Rise of Nationalism
While the European Powers pushed for
Direct Control of their colonies, many young Africans began to be educated in colonial schools.
These new educated Africans were struck
with confusion towards their colonizers.
On one hand, Europeans brought a
superior culture, new technology, and civilization
On the other, they resented the colonial
rule and suppression of their cultural identity.
By the first quarter of the 20th century, the
resentment turned to action.
Natives organized into political parties and
began movements seeking the end of foreign rule.
The Three Gs
1. Gold: The Europeans wanted
money
Raw Materials: rubber, oil, tin
2. God: The Spread of
Christianity and conversions of Heathens was a major goal
3. Glory: More land means
more power.
Social Darwinism
New vs Old Imperialism
Application of natural selection
to human cultural systems
I.E. The successful are just
better, the poor are poor because they are inferior
Racism: Belief that race
determines traits and capabilities
Racist: Believes that one race
is superior to another
Imperialism In SE Asia
Old: Few
Trading Posts set up to make extra money
New: Wanted
direct control over colonies
South Africa
South Africa
By 1865 the white population in South Africa rose to
200,000.
Boers were original Dutch settlers of Cape Town,
while the British were settling quickly because they won the land during the Napoleonic Wars.
The Boers believed in White Superiority and fought
the native Zulu. Under the powerful ruler Shaka’s guidance the Zulu remained free until the British joined the conflict.
Cecil Rodes, founder of gold and diamond mines
in South Africa.
Wanting to expand British control from “Cape to
Cairo,” Cecil attempted to incite a riot within the Boers.
When that fails, the Boer War starts:
After a 3 year, bloody and dirty war the British win.
By 1910 the Union of South Africa was created, its own nation, With rights to Whites and very few Africans.