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Common Subordinate Conjunctions

Common Subordinate Conjunctions

where

whereas

wherever

whether

while

why

than

that

though

unless

until

when

whenever

Practice Questions Instructions

Practice Questions

if

in order that

once

provided that

rather than

since

so that

Subordinate and Independent Clause Formation

For the following practice questions, identify the traits of the red text as:

  • Independent or subordinate?

If subordinate:

  • Noun, adverbial or relative (adjective) clause?

If relative (adjective):

  • Essential or nonessential?

after

although

as

because

before

even if

even though

1. After my dog ate my homework, I had to redo my entire assignment.

2. The cup of yogurt that I left on the table has disappeared.

3. The field trip was cancelled because a student was kidnapped.

4. Sam's llama Snowball, who got a cold the other day, has recovered.

5. I'm really angry at whoever stole my $20.

  • If subordinate clause comes before the independent clause, you need a comma:

subordinate clause + , + independent clause

ie. Although I hate broccoli, I ate it anyways.

  • If subordinate clause comes after the independent clause, you don't need a comma:

independent clause + subordinate clause

ie. I studied a lot because exams are next week.

There are many exceptions to these rules!

Relative (Adjective) Clause Formation Rules

nonspecific cat, so clause is essential to identify which cat we're talking about

  • There are 2 types of relative subordinate clauses:

- essential (defining)

- nonessential (non-defining)

  • Essential relative clauses are formed:

main clause + essential relative clause

ie. I fed the cat who was lost on the street.

  • Nonessential relative clauses are formed:

main clause + , + non-essential relative clause

ie. I fed Fluffy, who was lost on the street.

Cat's identity is already specified to be Fluffy, so clause is nonessential

Relative Pronouns

who

whoever

whom

that

which

whichever

whose

whosever

whomever

Definitions

Independent and Subordinate Clauses

  • Clause: a statment or question that has a subject and a verb

  • Independent clause: a clause that can stand alone as a sentence and expresses a complete thought.

  • Subordinate (dependent) clause: a clause that cannot stand alone as a sentence because it does not express a complete thought. It can be placed before, after or in the middle of an independent clause.
  • Relative (adjective) clauses: subordinate clauses that are formed using relative pronouns (who, whom, whose, that, or which) or relative adverbs (when, where, or why) and replace adjectives.
  • Noun, adverbial clauses: subordinate clauses that replace nouns and adverbs.

Subordinate Clause Types

Noun Clause

Clause

Black text = independent clause

Red text = subordinate clause

  • Whoever broke my alarm clock made me late this morning.

  • John rides his bike while he listens to music.

  • The girl who was hit by the car has made a full recovery.

Adverbial Clause

Independent

Subordinate

Relative/Adjective Clause

Relative (adjective)

Noun

Adverbial

Essential

Nonessential

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