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Main Idea: In response to the fighting in Europe, the U.S. provided economic
and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory
Why it Matters Today: The military capability of the U.S. became a deciding
factor in World War II and in our world affairs ever since
• FDR revised U.S. Neutrality Act of 1935 as Germany invaded Poland
• Moving Cautiously Away From Neutrality
o Sept of 1939: FDR persuaded Congress to pass a “cash-and-carry” provision that allowed warring nations to
buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships
• FDR said it would help France & Britain defeat Hitler w/o the U.S. getting involved
• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939
• The Axis Threat
o U.S. “cash-and-carry” policy was too little too late
o By the summer of 1940: FDR scrambled to provide Britain with “all aid short of war”
• June 1940: U.S. sent to Britain:
• 500,000 rifles
• 80,000 machine guns
• September 1940: US traded 50 old destroyers for leases on British military bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland
o September 27, 1940: Germany, Italy, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact
• Became known as the Axis Powers
• U.S. was now in an undeclared naval war with Hitler
• Japan’s Ambitions in The Pacific
o Germany’s European victories created new opportunities for Japanese expansionists
o July 1937: Hideki Tojo, head of Japan’s Kwantung Army, launched invasion of China
o Japanese leaders looked to unite East Asia under Japanese control by taking colonial lands
• Only U.S. and its Pacific islands remained in Japan’s way
o July 1941: Japan took over French military bases in Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao)
• The U.S. cut off trade with Japan
• Included oil, which Japan couldn’t live without
• Peace Talks Are Questioned
o Hideki Tojo, Japan’s prime minister promised Japan’s emperor Hirohito that Tojo would try to preserve peace with the U.S.
• However, November 5, 1941, Tojo ordered Japanese navy to prepare attack on U.S.
o December 6, 1941: FDR received a decoded message that instructed Japan’s peace envoy in the U.S. to reject all American
peace proposals
o December 7, 1941: Japanese dive-bombers surprise attacked Pearl Harbor, which was the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific
• 180 Japanese planes from 6 aircraft carriers
o In less than two hours, Japan had:
• Killed 2,403 Americans
• Wounded 1,178 Americans
• Sunk 21 ships
• 8 battleships
• Over 300 aircraft were damaged or destroyed
o 3 aircraft carriers were spared b/c they were out at sea
o Japan launched only 2 of their planed 3 waves of attacks
• This and the fact that the U.S.’s 3 aircraft carriers were unharmed made all the
difference in the U.S. recovering to fight the Japanese
• Reaction To Pearl Harbor
o Result: Congress quickly approved FDR’s request for war
• Isolationist-supporters turned into war-supporters
• Although FDR was very popular, his foreign policy was constantly under attack
• The Atlantic Charter
o FDR and Churchill met secretly aboard the battleship USS Augusta
• Result: Atlantic Charter
• Joint declaration of war aims; both countries agreed to:
o Collective Security
o Disarmament
o Self-determination
o Economic cooperation
o Freedom of seas
• Atlantic Charter became the basis of “A Declaration of the United Nations”
• Expressed common purpose of the Allies, those who fought against the Axis powers
• 26 nations signed it
• Shoot On Sight
o American ships sunk by German U-boats:
• September 4, 1941: U.S. destroyer Greer fired upon
o Two weeks later: American merchant ship, Pink Star, was sunk
o Mid-October, 1941: U.S. destroyer Kearny was torpedoed
o Days later: U.S. destroyer Reuben James was sunk
o Result: Senate repealed ban against arming merchant ships
• Full-scale war seemed inevitable
• Shortly after FDR’s reelection, he told the nation in a fireside chat that it would be impossible to negotiate peace with Hitler
• The Lend-Lease Plan
o FDR would lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the U.S.”
• Compared it to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire
• March 1941: Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act
• Supporting Stalin
o June 1941: Hitler broke Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact a
• Invaded Soviet Union
o U.S. sent lend-lease supplies to Britain and Soviet Union
o Churchill quote: “If Hitler invaded Hell,” the British would be prepared to work with the devil himself
• German Wolf Packs
o To prevent delivery of lend-lease shipments, Hitler deployed hundreds of German U-boats to attack supply ships
o Spring – Fall of 1941: Wolf Pack attacks
• Sunk about 350,000 tons of shipments in a single month
o June 1941: FDR granted navy permission for U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense
o Late 1943: Allies successfully used radar and sonar to detect German U-boats
• Building U.S. Defenses
o FDR asked Congress to increase spending for
national defense
• Congress approved
• Congress passed the nation’s 1st peacetime military draft
• Selective Training & Service Act
o 16 million men between 21-35 were registered
• FDR Runs For A Third Term
o FDR decided to run for an unprecedented 3rd term
o Republican opponent was Wendell Wilkie
• Supported FDR’s policy of aiding Britain
o Both FDR and Wilkie promised to keep U.S. out of war
o Little difference between candidates
• FDR won with about 55% of the votes