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Chapter 24: World War II

Main Idea: In response to the fighting in Europe, the U.S. provided economic

and military aid to help the Allies achieve victory

Why it Matters Today: The military capability of the U.S. became a deciding

factor in World War II and in our world affairs ever since

• FDR revised U.S. Neutrality Act of 1935 as Germany invaded Poland

• Moving Cautiously Away From Neutrality

o Sept of 1939: FDR persuaded Congress to pass a “cash-and-carry” provision that allowed warring nations to

buy U.S. arms as long as they paid cash and transported them in their own ships

• FDR said it would help France & Britain defeat Hitler w/o the U.S. getting involved

• Congress passed the Neutrality Act of 1939

• The Axis Threat

o U.S. “cash-and-carry” policy was too little too late

o By the summer of 1940: FDR scrambled to provide Britain with “all aid short of war”

• June 1940: U.S. sent to Britain:

• 500,000 rifles

• 80,000 machine guns

• September 1940: US traded 50 old destroyers for leases on British military bases in the Caribbean and Newfoundland

o September 27, 1940: Germany, Italy, Japan signed the Tripartite Pact

• Became known as the Axis Powers

• U.S. was now in an undeclared naval war with Hitler

• Japan’s Ambitions in The Pacific

o Germany’s European victories created new opportunities for Japanese expansionists

o July 1937: Hideki Tojo, head of Japan’s Kwantung Army, launched invasion of China

o Japanese leaders looked to unite East Asia under Japanese control by taking colonial lands

• Only U.S. and its Pacific islands remained in Japan’s way

o July 1941: Japan took over French military bases in Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, Lao)

• The U.S. cut off trade with Japan

• Included oil, which Japan couldn’t live without

• Peace Talks Are Questioned

o Hideki Tojo, Japan’s prime minister promised Japan’s emperor Hirohito that Tojo would try to preserve peace with the U.S.

• However, November 5, 1941, Tojo ordered Japanese navy to prepare attack on U.S.

o December 6, 1941: FDR received a decoded message that instructed Japan’s peace envoy in the U.S. to reject all American

peace proposals

o December 7, 1941: Japanese dive-bombers surprise attacked Pearl Harbor, which was the largest U.S. naval base in the Pacific

• 180 Japanese planes from 6 aircraft carriers

o In less than two hours, Japan had:

• Killed 2,403 Americans

• Wounded 1,178 Americans

• Sunk 21 ships

• 8 battleships

• Over 300 aircraft were damaged or destroyed

o 3 aircraft carriers were spared b/c they were out at sea

o Japan launched only 2 of their planed 3 waves of attacks

• This and the fact that the U.S.’s 3 aircraft carriers were unharmed made all the

difference in the U.S. recovering to fight the Japanese

• Reaction To Pearl Harbor

o Result: Congress quickly approved FDR’s request for war

• Isolationist-supporters turned into war-supporters

Japan Attacks The U.S.

FDR Plans For War

• Although FDR was very popular, his foreign policy was constantly under attack

• The Atlantic Charter

o FDR and Churchill met secretly aboard the battleship USS Augusta

• Result: Atlantic Charter

• Joint declaration of war aims; both countries agreed to:

o Collective Security

o Disarmament

o Self-determination

o Economic cooperation

o Freedom of seas

• Atlantic Charter became the basis of “A Declaration of the United Nations”

• Expressed common purpose of the Allies, those who fought against the Axis powers

• 26 nations signed it

• Shoot On Sight

o American ships sunk by German U-boats:

• September 4, 1941: U.S. destroyer Greer fired upon

o Two weeks later: American merchant ship, Pink Star, was sunk

o Mid-October, 1941: U.S. destroyer Kearny was torpedoed

o Days later: U.S. destroyer Reuben James was sunk

o Result: Senate repealed ban against arming merchant ships

• Full-scale war seemed inevitable

Attack on Pearl Harbor

"The Great Arsenal of Democracy"

• Shortly after FDR’s reelection, he told the nation in a fireside chat that it would be impossible to negotiate peace with Hitler

• The Lend-Lease Plan

o FDR would lend or lease arms and other supplies to “any country whose defense was vital to the U.S.”

• Compared it to lending a garden hose to a neighbor whose house was on fire

• March 1941: Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act

• Supporting Stalin

o June 1941: Hitler broke Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact a

• Invaded Soviet Union

o U.S. sent lend-lease supplies to Britain and Soviet Union

o Churchill quote: “If Hitler invaded Hell,” the British would be prepared to work with the devil himself

• German Wolf Packs

o To prevent delivery of lend-lease shipments, Hitler deployed hundreds of German U-boats to attack supply ships

o Spring – Fall of 1941: Wolf Pack attacks

• Sunk about 350,000 tons of shipments in a single month

o June 1941: FDR granted navy permission for U.S. warships to attack German U-boats in self-defense

o Late 1943: Allies successfully used radar and sonar to detect German U-boats

THE US Gathers Its Forces

• Building U.S. Defenses

o FDR asked Congress to increase spending for

national defense

• Congress approved

• Congress passed the nation’s 1st peacetime military draft

• Selective Training & Service Act

o 16 million men between 21-35 were registered

• FDR Runs For A Third Term

o FDR decided to run for an unprecedented 3rd term

o Republican opponent was Wendell Wilkie

• Supported FDR’s policy of aiding Britain

o Both FDR and Wilkie promised to keep U.S. out of war

o Little difference between candidates

• FDR won with about 55% of the votes

Section 4: America Moves Toward War

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