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Moving Towards Abolition:

Internationally

  • https://treaties.un.org/Pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-12&chapter=4&clang=_en
  • Ratified by 27 countries
  • Signed by 7 more
  • Total abolition
  • Retain during wartime

Overview:

Moving Towards Abolition:

Nationally

Overview:

  • Humaneness
  • United States most humane
  • Justification
  • Deterrence is biggest justifiation- but is that accurate?
  • Criticisms
  • Wrongful Convictions
  • Unsuccessful Attempts
  • Gregg v. Georgia (1976)
  • Woodson v. North Carolina (1976)
  • Coker v. Georgia (1977)
  • Ford v. Wainwright (1986)
  • Atkins v. Virgina (2002)
  • Roper v. Simmons (2005)
  • Bucklew v. Precyth (2019)
  • Types of Crimes
  • Typically violent
  • Types of Criminals
  • Typically men
  • Race Issue in the U.S.
  • Death Row Wait Times
  • 15-20 year average in the U.S.
  • Around 10 Internationally

The United States:

China:

  • 25 executions carried out in 2018.
  • 29 states have abolished.
  • Only appropriate for the actual act of taking a human life.
  • Number of executions decreasing, incarceration levels increasing.
  • Policies vary by state.
  • 68 offenses subject to Death Penalty.
  • Non-violent crimes included.
  • Official death count is a state secret.
  • Juvenile death penalty outlawed in 1997 with new Criminal Code.
  • Code also established "proportionality" concept.

Iraq:

Japan:

  • Subject to a large amount of crimes
  • Not all violent
  • "Deterrence to acts of terrorism"
  • "Demanded by 'traditional values of Islam'"
  • Studies show the increasing number of executions has had no effect.

Egypt:

  • Allowed for 17 offenses:
  • Usually limited to homicide
  • Up to judge's discretion
  • Japan & U.S. only developed countries to carry out executions on a "regular basis"
  • Geopolitical position major factor

Saudi Arabia:

  • Sharia law is major impediment in abolition.
  • Impossible to gather exact statistics.
  • Egyptian Constitution makes no reference to the Death Penalty.
  • Special Courts rely on religious interference.
  • Beheading and stoning are still being used as methods of execution.
  • 134 people have been executed as of Oct. 30, 2019. (Yes, as of last week.)
  • Most executions are for non-violent, drug-related offenses.
  • Number of executions has risen in the past 5 years.
  • Still a Monarchy.

Religious Backgrounds:

  • United States- Christianity
  • China- Buddhism
  • Japan- Shinto
  • (Death dealt with Buddhist)
  • Iraq- Islam (Shia)
  • Saudi Arabia- Islam (Sunni)
  • Egypt- Islam (Sunni)

Economic Effect:

The United States and Japan are the only developed countries that still perform executions on a "regular basis."

Geopolitical position can have overwhelming effect on International Influence.

History:

  • 20 countries performed executions in 2018
  • 2,531 death sentences imposed in 54 countries in 2018
  • 45 death sentences in the U.S.
  • Half of these were from TX alone
  • Lethal injection is the most frequent method of execution in the United States as of 1976.
  • Electrocution, Hanging, Beheading, and Stoning are other methods still being used around the World.
  • Japan hanged 13 men in 2018 for crimes committed in 1995.
  • The last public execution in the U.S. was in 1936.
  • Now, there is a limited group of people who can witness executions.
  • Public executions are still being held in Iran, Saudi Arabia, North Korea, and Somalia.

Capital Punishment Around the World

Constitutional Reference:

  • The 8th & 14th Amendment
  • China's Criminal Law
  • Article 31 of Japan Constitution
  • Article 26 of Saudi Arabia Constitution
  • Article 19 of Iraq Constitution
  • Eighth
  • Article 73 of Iraq Constiution
  • Eighth

Lauren Wood

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