History of Deaf Education
Deaf Education Started in America
Start of Deaf Education
Amplification
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)
Public Law 94-142 the Education for All Handicapped Children
- 1990
- Ensures that people with a variety of disabilites have equal rights and access in the community
- Includes standards for community buildings (ramps, elevators, braille)
- Work related mandatory accommodations (interpreters, telecommunication devices)
- Deaf Education: graduating students could feel better about entering the work force and have more job opportunities
- before, wealthy families sent their deaf children to Europe
- 1817, the American Asylum for Deaf-Mute, the first school for the deaf in America opened in Hartford,CT, founded by Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet with Laurent Clerc, Gallaudet was principal.
- by 1868, there were 27 in this country.
- by 1864, Edward Miner Gallaudet prevailed upon Congress to authorize funding for the first National Deaf-Mute College. Galladuet University, the world's first higher institution for the Deaf
- Same time in 1867, Philanthropist John Clarke, provided $50,000, based on state support, Clarke School opened in the town of Northampton as the first oral deaf school.
- 1872, Alexander Granham Bell opend a school in Boston to teach the Deaf to speak.
Pedro Ponce de Leon (born 1520). Spaniard (monk). used gesture and develped one of the first manual alphabets to teach deaf students. (Because law of the time prevented deaf from owning property. If they could speak, they might be saved)
Licenciado Lasso(1550): (Italian Physician). He mentioned that deaf persons could speak in publication.
Manuel Ramirez de Carrion:(1615) one of the first recognized that learning doesn't reqcuire hearing. Written words could be used to teach deaf people. Inventor of speech training for Deaf people.
Juan Pablo Martin Bonet (1620)---the first to publish a book on educating the deaf (chart of handshapes and letter) --similar with ASL today
- Hearing Aids
- Improvement in technology
- More access from residual hearing
- Cochlear Implants
- Approved by the FDA in 1984
- With support and intervention, children can access sounds
- Some children can be successful in oral education given the support of proper amplification
- Not appropriate for all children
- What does this mean for traditional Deaf education?
- Passed in 1975
- All students with disabilities are entitled to public education until age 21
- In 2004, updates were made and the name was changed to IDEA (Individuals with Disabilities Education Act)
- Includes core principles which help support the education of children who are Deaf or hard of hearing, including:
- IEP (Individualized Education Program)
- FAPE (Free Appropriate Public Education)
- LRE (Least Restrictive Environment)
Deaf School and Argument
Argument and Milan Conference
Board of Education v. Rowley
1782, Heinicke & Epee. (Heinicke sent an argument to Epee, argument, then the disagreement was submitted to Zurich Academy. They thought Heinicke didn't really show their method well and that wouldn't make sense.
Milan Conference: 1880, A declaration was made that oral education was better than manual education. A resolution was passed banning sign language.
Removed the use of sign languages from educational programs for the Deaf around the world. (Education)
Rejection of Milan Resolutions: 2010, in Vancouver, International Congress on Education of the Deaf state they reject all the resolutions of Milan Conference.
- Upon entering her Kindergarten year, Amy Rowley was entitled to an interpreter and an FM system according to her IEP.
- A few weeks into school, the interpreting services were suspended because Amy could read lips
- Going into her 1st grade year, and an update to her IEP, Amy was completely denied interpreting services because of her ability to read lips, despite her parents' request for this accommodation instead of an FM
- Amy's abilities were examined and, although she was only accessing a little more than half of the information in class, the services were still denied.
- The court ruled in favor of the BOE. The judge thought that Amy was doing well enough academically and in terms of her overall development and therefore did not need interpreting services
- This ruling was shocking and hurtful to the Deaf community but since then, there has been more awareness, specifically in the court system, of educational needs for specific children. FAPE and LRE are not the same for every child.
- In 1988
- Students at Gallaudet took over the campus in revolt against the decision for the new president. A hearing person was selected by the board.
- The students of the university were outraged; as a Deaf institution, the leader should, of course, be Deaf
- Eventually, after lengthy, strong-willed protest, their demands were met and a Deaf president took over
Priest--Abbe' de I' Epee: to teach Deaf peopl and help them to reach heaven by trying at least to lead others there. Later, he devising rules about combinations of signs--Methodical signs that follows French rules of grammar; prevailed upon the government to support educating deaf students, created a school for the Deaf in Paris(1762).
Abbe Roch Ambrois Cucurron Sicard(1789),Then replaced Epee as the principal in Paris and invited Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet to visit the school; he published a dictionary of deaf: Theorie des signes
Oral: Johann Conard Amman, a Swiss doctor began to teach Deaf people to speak as the first priority.
Samuel Heinicke, a contemprorary of Epee, used Amman's book as guide to teach, and opened the first German public school for the deaf. (lipreading and articulation) --AG Bell's website--developed the foundations of modearn oral deaf education.
- Uses residual hearing to devlop listening and spoken language skills
- Auditory Verbal
- Restricts use of speech reading and other visual clues
- Auditory Oral
- Speech reading is encouraged
Bilingual-Bicultural (Bi-Bi)
American Sign Language (ASL)
- Completed visual language distinctly different from English
- Incorporates signs, body language, facial expression, movement.
- Phonemes: hand shape, location, movement, orientation。
Total Communication (TC):
- Use multiple methods simultaneously (manual, oral, auditory)
- Use Manually Coded English: Sign System and fingerspelling to represent spoken language.
- Use conjunction with TC
- Provide early Amplification
- ASL and English have equal respect and purpose in the classroom
- Deaf culture is emphasized and there are Deaf role models present in the school community
- ASL and English are each valued and deliberately used at separate times