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Germany's instability after WW1

Growing appeal of fascism

The rise of Mussolini

Rise of Hitler

Victory in Europe

1. Allies launched Operation Torch, the invasion of North Africa in

November 1942

i. by May 1943 Axis is pushed out of N. Africa

2. The Russians begin to push the Germans back at the Battle of

Stalingrad in Aug - Nov 1942

As the Germans are retreating on all fronts, the Allies invaded Italy in

the autumn of 1943 and captured Rome by June 1944

Promised to solve economic problems

Weimar gov't moving too slowly & ineffectively

. US uses the Atomic bomb on Japan on 6 & 9 August 1945

i. Japanese did not surrender after first bomb on Hiroshima

ii. US dropped second bomb on Nagasaki

4. Japan agrees to surrender on 15 August 1945

i. Japan officially surrenders to the US on 2 September 1945

ii. WWII is Over!!

Munich Conference held

September 1938

League of Nations

  • Germany remilitarizes the Rhineland in 1936
  • Hitler demanded Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia
  • Britain & France need to avoid war at all costs
  • Czechoslovakia is sold out by Br & Fr is return for Hitler's promise of no more aggression
  • Br & Fr use appeasement to avoid war

Failure

  • Rome/Berlin/Tokyo Axis (alliance) created in 1936

Weimar Republic weak

Battle of Britain

League of Nations failed because there

was no enforcement of the treaty.

Hitler takes remainder of Czechoslovakia in March 1939

2. Promised to tear up Treaty of

Versailles

a. would rearm Germany

b. would unite with Austria

c. would reoccupy the Rhineland

  • The German-Austrian Anschluss (union) is created in violation of the Treaty of Versailles

The Battle of Britain was an important battle in World War II. After Germany and Hitler had conquered most of Europe, including France, the only major country left to fight them was Great Britain

  • Coalition Government
  • No one party had enough power to control the gov't
  • Made up of many parties
  • Signed the hated Treaty of Versailles
  • Lack the support of people b/c Germany lacked a democratic tradition.

Causes

Japan invades all of China (1937)

Marco Polo Bridge Incident

Economic Problems

  • Japan used this as an excuse to conquer all of China
  • WWII really begins here

Hyper-Inflations due to reprarations payments

Rising unemployment

Middle Class was wiped out financially

Economic problems blamed on the already unpopular Weimar gonv't

Great depression caused banks to fail & economy to worsen

The Rise Of Mussolini

Pearl Harbor

  • Italy was suffering high unemployemnt and inlfation

Brought into government legally by the King. Thought Mussolini could be controlled.

Italy attempts to recreate the Roman Empire

CAUSES

Many Italians feared the idea of communist revolution, which would destroy religion & government.

Pearl Harbor was originally an extensive deep embayment called Wai Nomi (meaning, “pearl water”) or Puʻuloa (meaning, “long hill”) by the

  • Invades Ethiopia 1935
  • League of Nations does not stop Italy's aggression

Rise of Hitler

Fascism

3. Promised to obtain Lebensraum

(living space) for Germany

a. would attack Poland and Russia for this space

b. Germany needed this space or it would die

. US begins Island Hopping Campaign

a. begun after Midway

b. designed to go around major Japanese positions and to cut the

Japanese supply lines

i. the idea was to avoid large battles if possible and focus

on the island closer to Japan

ii. islands could be used to launch bombers from

Germany begins to rebuild its military in violation of the Treaty of Versailles

  • League of Nations oes nothing to stop Germany

The US & Allies turn the tide of war

a. US bombed Tokyo in April 1942

i. bombs did little damage

ii. was a great psychological victory for US

Victory in the Pacific

1. Island hopping campaign pushing Japan back

i. Japanese navy destroyed at Battle of Leyte Gulf in the

Philippines in 1944

ii. Japanese forced to use Kamikaze (suicide pilots)

Japan's attempted invasion of Australia stopped by US aircraft

carriers at the Battle of Coal Sea in May 1942

iii. Japanese stopped for the first time

Political Problems

2. As US got closer to Japan, fighting became more bitter

i. Iwo Jima (Feb - Mar 1945)

ii. Okinawa (Apr - June 1945) Japan lost 110,000 men, US 12,500

Growing communist movement & threat of communist revolution

Growing popularity of Nazi movement

There was no middle ground politically, Just the 2 extremes, The nazis and the communists.

The Battle of Midway (June 1942)

i. US had cracked secret Japanese code & knew that the

Japanese would attack Midway

ii. US forces waited for attack on the island to begin

iii. US attacked Japanese ships while their planes were

away and scored huge victory over a much larger force

iv. Midway is the turning point of the Pacific War

EVENTS LEADING TO WAR

US Isolationaism

Asia

&

Europe

(responsible for the start of WWII)

Germany & Soviet Union sign non-aggression pact in August '39

During the 1930s, the combination of the Great Depression and the memory of tragic losses in World War I contributed to pushing American public opinion and policy toward isolationism.

Holocaust

The murder of millions of Jewish people and non arien races.

1. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor (7 December 1941)

a. in response to US decision to cut off oil and scrap iron

shipments to Japan

b. goal of Japanese was to destroy US Pacific Fleet which

included the aircraft carriers

c. US declares war on Japan and Germany

  • Germany takes western Poland
  • Soviets takes eastern Poland
  • Soviets can invade Finland
  • Germany and Russia will not attack one another

Promised to punish those responsible for current political and economic troubles (jews and communits were targets)

Germany, Italy and Spain lacked democratic traditions and fascism made sense to them. Promised to recapture past glory ( a Third Reich in Germany, New Roman Empire in Italy, and a strong, powerful Spain that wiould again be a world leader. Promised quick action to solve the natio9n's problems (democrocy was just too slow & ineffective.

Collective Farming

Final Solution

Japan invades Manchuria 1931

German Appeasement

plan to annihilate the Jewish people

Militarists gain control of Japan

Cold War

Collective farming and communal farming are various types of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise.

On 6 June 1944 the Allies launched the invasion of Europe, code-

named Operation Overlord

i. invasion is known also as D-Day

ii. invasion is a success

iii. it is the beginning of the end for the Germans

British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain believed that by agreeing to some of the demands being made by Adolf Hitler of Germany and Benito Mussolini of Italy, he could avoid a European war.

rivalry after World War II between the Soviet Union and its satellites and the democratic countries of the Western world, under the leadership of the United States.

Rationing

  • Wanted to return to traditional style of government ( Emperor Hirohito was head of state)
  • Wanted to create the Greater EAst asian Co-Prosperity Sphere ("Asia for the Asians")
  • Were extreme nstionalists.

The act of dividing food into equal amounts to last a specific time.

3. Japanese conquered 1 million square miles of territory

a. 150,000 Allied prisoners taken

i. 13,000 US & Filipino prisoners were forced to march

60 miles to prison camps. This is known as the Bataan

Death March

2. Japanese strike throughout the Pacific

a. Philippines

b. Guam

c. Wake Island

d. Burma

e. Hong Kong

f. Malaya

Japan needed the resources.

China engaged in civil war & distracted.

. Germans blitzkrieg Poland on 1 Sept 1939

a. "lightening war"

i. used tanks, planes, trucks & artillery to hit Poland

hard and fast

Phony War or sitzkrieg (sitting war) in the autumn of 1939

3. Spring of 1940 Germany attacks west

a. Belgium

b. Holland

c. Denmark

d. Netherlands

e. Norway

f. France

Fascism is characterized by a strong central government with low individual rights.

. Berlin is surrounded by the Soviet army in April 1945

i. on April 30 Hitler commits suicide

7. German army signs unconditional surrender on 8 May 1945

i. V-E Day!!

. Operation Barbarossa

a. Nazi invasion of the Soviet Union (21 June 1941)

b. used blitzkrieg against Russians with great success

c. Russians retreated deep within Russia to suck the

Germans in and hold them until winter set in.

4. Promised to punish Germany's

enemies

a. Jews

b. communists

The War

Allies pushed off continent at Dunkirk in June 1940

a. 350,000 men escaped to Britain

i. Germany fails to deliver knock-out blow to Allies

5. Summer 1940 Germany launches Battle of Britain, the air campaign to

weaken Britain before the German invasion

i. Germany fails to break Britain

ii. invasion of Britain never happens

Europe

Asia

Victory in Europe

Victory in the Pacific

Lack of Western Response

Britain & France need to avoid war

(memories from WWI)

League of Natoins too weak & ineffective

(US not a member)

Depression made war risky for any nation

US adopts policy of isolationism and does not get

involved with the world's problems

The Germans tried one last attempt to win the war: Battle of the Bulge

i. begun in December 1944

ii. US lines bulged but did not break

iii. Germans cannot recover from these losses

Rise of Hitler

5. Promised to create a newer, stronger Germany

a. created Third Reich which was to last 1000 years

b. all Germans were to be united in this new Reich.

World War II Notes

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