Chapter 20: Mass Society & Democracy

argued the strong survive while the weak decline

III. Anti-Semitism & Zionism

A. Germany

1. Some argued that nations were also

engaged in a struggle for existence

2. Houston Stewart Chamberlain was a

Briton who became a German citizen

3. Chamberlain believed that Germans

were the only pure successors of the Aryans

4. Chamberlain said that the Jews were the

racial enemy that wanted to destroy the

Aryans

B. Jews discriminated against since the

Middle Ages

I. New Physics

A. Marie Curie discovered that

atoms gave off radiation (energy)

B. Albert Einstein developed the theory

of relativity

C. Sigmund Freud's psychoanalysis;

developed a new profession (psychiatry)

E. cities improved their abilities to provide clean water & sewage disposal systems

II. Social Darwinism & Racism

1. 3rd Republic

created

II. Social Structure of Mass Society

2. new republic created 2-

houses, a president, &

prime minister

2. universal male suffrage in 1912

V. Central & Eastern Europe

A. Social Darwinism

1. attempts to explain the success of certain

groups

2. interprets "survival of the fittest" concept

to mean that only the best adapted survive

the natural conflict between the social

groups

3. Herbert Spencer

traders, & prosperous peasants

F. Alexander Graham Bell

invented the telephone

A. The New Elite

1. made up 5% of the population but controlled

30-40% of the wealth.

2. marriage united old money & new money

3. new elite became leaders in government

4. upper middle class formed the new elite

B. Middle Classes

1. middle group- lawyers, doctors, members of

the civil service, business managers, engineers,

architects, accountants, chemists

2. lower middle group-

shopkeepers

G. Guglielmo Marconi sent the 1st

radio waves across the Atlantic

3. had more than dozen pp;

never developed a strong

parliamentary system

C. Italy

1. 1870 Italian

unification

3. white collar workers- traveling

salespeople, bookkeepers, telephone

operators, department store salespeople,

& secretaries

I. Western Europe & Political Democracy

H. internal combustion engine led to the

invention of ocean liners, airplanes,

& automobiles

A. Germany

1. Bismarck's new constitution

provided for a 2-house

legislature.

2. Reichstag elected by universal

male suffrage.

3. ministers of government

responsible to the emperor not

parliament

4. emperor also responsible for

army, foreign policy, & gov.

bureaucracy

GB, Belgium, FR, Netherlands, Germany,

4. believed in hard work, very religious, &

concerned with the right way to do things

2. un-industrialized core- Spain,

Portugal, the Balkan Kingdoms,

& Russia

I. The Second Industrial Revolution

I. Orville & Wilbur Wright flew the 1st airplane

J. Europeans could afford to buy more

manufactured goods for several reasons

1. wages increased

2. prices 4 manufactured goods dropped

due to reduced transportation costs

K. two economic zones

1. industrialized core-

A. 2nd Industrial Revolution gave rise

to steel, chemicals, electricity, &

petroleum

L. Europe dominated the world economy by

the beginning of the 20th century

A. Great Britain

1. 2-party parliamentary system

(Liberal & Conservative parties)

2. all males over 21 & females over 30

would get the right to vote

3. working class supported Liberal

Party

4. 1900, Labour Party emerged

5. National Insurance Act of 1911

provided insurance in case of

sickness & unemployment

B. steel was substituted for iron

C. Working classes

1. 80% of the population

2. landholding peasants, farm laborers, &

sharecroppers

3. urban working class- skilled artisans &

semi-skilled laborers

4. unskilled laborers were the largest

group of workers

II. Organizing the Working Class

B. Austria-Hungary

C. steel production increased steel

production from 125,000 tons to 32

million tons by 1913.

D. Electricity was a great source of energy

b/c it could be converted to heat, light, &

motion

E. Thomas Edison invented the

light bulb

1. Francis Joseph ignored the

Hungarian parliament

A. The desire to improve working & living

conditions led many industrial workers to

form socialist political parties & trade unions

B. Marx's Theory

1. Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels wrote

"The Communist Manifesto".

2. blamed industrial capitalism

for most of ills of workers

I. New Urban Environment

2. Joseph dismissed & appointed his

own ministers, issued decrees when

parliament not in session

B. France

A. More people living in cities

3. had issues with the multiethnic state

B. City governments created boards

of health to improve the quality

of housing

5. working class people

also experienced an

improvement in their

material conditions

Chapter 20: Mass Society & Democracy

Chapter 19: Industrialization & Nationalism

Chapter 20: Mass Society & Democracy

C. Russia

1. Nicholas II preserved absolutism

2. industrialized quickly, but

workers had pitiful working

conditions

3. Marxist Socialist parties

developed

6. they had more money for clothes &

leisure activities

C. City medical officers & building

inspectors inspected dwellings for

public health hazards.

D. New building regulations

required running water &

internal drainage systems

for all new buildings

Chapter 20: Mass Society & Democracy

Chapter 20: Mass

Society & Democracy

7. strikes were leading to 10 hour workdays &

Saturday afternoons off

Section 4: Culture: Romanticism and Realism

III. The Experiences of Women

I. Romanticism

A. New Job Opportunities

1. jobs as secretaries, telephone

operators, clerks, & typists created

jobs for women

2. jobs were filled by working

class women

Section 1: The Growth of Industrial Prosperity

4. Bloody Sunday Jan. 22,

1905 workers went to the

Winter Palace in St. Petersburg

to present a petition of

grievances to the czar

Section 2: The Emergence of Mass Society

5. largely peaceful demonstration where

troops opened fire

6. Nicholas II granted civil liberties &

created a legislative assembly

Section 3: The National State & Democracy

A. def- intellectual movement that emerged at the end of the 18th century in reaction to the ideas of the Enlightenment, it stressed feelings, emotion, & imagination as sources of knowing

B. Romantic Authors

1. Walter Scott wrote Ivanhoe

2. Mary Shelley Frankenstein

3. Edgar Allen Poe

4. William Wordsworth

VI. The US & Canada

B. Marriage & the Family

A. B/w 1870 & 1914 US became

an industrial superpower

B. Civil war brought

C. Romantic authors were

critical of 18th century science

Section 4: Toward the Modern Consciousness

1. marriage the only honorable

& available career for most

women

D. Other Romantic Artists

1. Eugene Delacroix believed "painting

should be a feast to the eye"

2. Beethoven bridge between classical &

romantic periods in music

2. family size started to decline

3. Amsterdam had the first birth control

clinics

II. A New Age of Science

challenges to America.

C. 13th, 14th, 15th Civil

Rights Amendments passed

A. Louis Pasteur's germ theory of disease

B. Dmitry Mendeleyev classified all

material elements based on their atomic

weights

C. Michael Faraday invented a

primitive generator

D. Charles Darwin

4. middle-class family values promoted

togetherness

5. working-class women & children worked

C. Women's Rights

1. feminism- movement for women's

rights

2. began during the Enlightenment

3. women wanted the right

D. mid 1800's the US began to

expand- Alaska, Samoan Islands,

Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, & the

Phillippines

1. On the Origin of

Species by Means of

Natural Selection

2. other socialist parties

developed

3. government is an

instrument of the ruling

class

C. why universal

education?

2. species evolve over time (organic

evolution)

to divorce & own property

1. needed more skilled laborers

E. Canada

1. 1870 Canada had 4 provinces-

Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, & New

Brunswick.

2. added two more- Manitoba & British

Columbia

2. chief motive was creating a more

educated voter

4. women could not become

doctors so they became nurses

D. Trade Unions

1. in GB unions won the right to

strike in 1870

2. By 1914, 4 million Brits in trade unions

3. unions made considerable progress in

bettering both the living & the working

conditions of the working classes

4. Bourgeoisie vs. Proletariat division

would lead to a violent overthrow of

the bourgeoisie

3. natural selection- many more species

are born than can survive; struggle

for existence

4. survival of the fittest

3. creating a more patriotic society

5. famous nurses Amalie Sieveking

(German), Florence Nightingale

(British), & Clara Barton (US)

4. consequence of schools, increased

literacy

VIII. Crises in the Balkans

5. proletariat would set up their own

government; a dictatorship

II. Realism

VII. International Rivalries

V. New Forms of Leisure

A. Otto von Bismarck upset

the balance of power

6. eventually a classless society would be set

up

6. Emmeline Pankhurst started the

Women's Social & Political Union

A. By 1878, Greece, Serbia, Romania,

& Montenegro won independence

A. def- mid 19th century movement

that rejected romanticism & sought

to portray lower & middle-class

life as it actually was

B. Dickens

A. amusement parks

B. team sports

C. dance halls

D. later movies

IV. Universal Education

B. 1908 A-H annexed Bosnia &

Herzegovinia

B. Bismarck created a defensive

alliance w/ A-H, & later Italy

(Triple Alliance)

C. Socialist Parties

1. German Social Democratic Party (SDP)

a. advocated revolution while organizing

into a mass political party

b. became the largest single

party in Germany

A. Universal education was a product of

the mass society

B. western gov. starting setting up

state-supported primary schools

for kids ages 6-12

C. Serbia & Russia angry

D. The allies vowed to support each

other.

C. Bismarck had a separate treaty w/

Russia & remained on good terms w/

GB

D. Bismarck fired by Emperor William II

E. William II took control of foreign

policy & decided to drop the treaty w/

Russia

F. France & Russia formed an

alliance (Triple Entente)

Chapter 20: Mass Society & Democracy