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Federalism Timeline
By Alex Cheruk, Evan Byers, Ryan Hendry, Evan Cole, and Quentin Arai
State and Local Fiscal Assistance Act-
Year : 1972,
Over 5 years the federal government allocated $30 billion to state and local governments, one-third to states, and two-thirds to local governments. In the act the legislature set priorities that this money could be spent on, these included: public safety, environmental protection, public transportation, health, recreation, libraries, social services for the poor, or elderly, and financial administration. www.finance.senate.gov, and
http://www.britannica.com/topic/State-and-Local-Fiscal-Assistance-Act
Election of Ronald Reagan-
Year : 1980
When Reagan came into office his main political platform that he ran on was the “Devolution Revolution”, or New Federalism, which entitled the gradual return of power to the states.
https://www.boundless.com/political-science/textbooks/boundless-political-science-textbook/federalism-3/federalism-today-32/the-devolution-revolution-188-923/
Law Enforcement Assistance Act -
Year :1965
he purpose of this act was to authorize the attorney general to allocate grants for the training of State and local law enforcement personnel. The overall purpose of this act is to improve the crime control programs.
https://www.ncjrs.gov/App/publications/abstract.aspx?ID=134196
Roe v. Wade
Year : 1973
Court case regarding the legality of abortion and a woman's right to an abortion Some states were trying to block a woman's right to an abortion due to ethical and religious opinions. The court ruled that an abortion was legal until the third trimester giving more power to the federal government.
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/410/113.html
Plessy v. Ferguson
Year :1895
Court case regarding the Louisiana law regarding the mandatory segregation of blacks and whites in train cars and violation of the 14th amendment. The court ruled separate but equal was acceptable voting in favor of the state.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1895/1895_210
Americans with Disabilities Act-
Year : 1990
Disabled people cannot be discriminated against in employment or position. The federal government decided that every state cannot discriminate even if the state wishes to.
United States v. Lopez-
Year : 1994
Alfonzo Lopez, a 12th grader, carried a concealed firearm into his school, and was arrested under the Gun-Free School Zone Act of 1990, the Question was whether the Gun-Free School Zone of act of 1990 was unconstitutional because it exceeds the power of Congress to legislate under the commerce clause, the court ruled yes, stating that the possession of a gun is not an economic activity.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1994/1994_93_1260
Brown v. Board of Education
Year : 1952
Court case regarding the segregation of school children by race deprive minority children of equality rights under the 14th amendment. The court ruled that the states did not have the right to segregate school children solely on race.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1950-1959/1952/1952_1/
Plessy v. Ferguson
1895
Court case regarding the louisiana law regarding the mandatory segregation of blacks and whites in train cars and violation of the 14th amendment. The court ruled separate but equal was acceptable voting in favor of the state.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1895/1895_210
Cabell v. Chavez-Salido
Year : 1981
Court case regarding an illegal alien's right to hold positions as probation officers. The court ruled that it was constitutional to exclude illegal aliens from these positions.
https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/454/432/
Civil Rights Act of 1964 -
Year : 1964
This Document prohibited discrimination in all public places, as well as providing for the integration of schools and other public facilities.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=97
Sherman Anti-Trust act-
1890
The first measure by the U.S. Congress to prevent trusts, the sherman Anti-Trust act was based solely in the congress’s constitutional power of regulating interstate commerce.
http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=true&doc=51
New Deal
1933
The New Deal was an economic measure that took the form of various legislature, these were designed to alleviate the worst effects of the Great Depression, as well as reinvigorate the economy, and restore the confidence of the American people in their banks. http://rooseveltinstitute.org/policy-and-ideasroosevelt-historyfdr/new-deal
Institution of the Federal Income Tax-
Year : 1913
Congress given power to levy taxes on people independent of the state's taxes.
United States v. California
Year : 1964
Court case regarding the rights to the undersea land off the coast of California beyond the 3 mile limit described in the submerged land act. The court voted to uphold federal control and rights to the land.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1964/1964_5_orig
Women’s Voting-
Year :1920
The 19th amendment of the United States guarantees all american women the right vote.
Printz v. United States-
Year : 1996
This case was a question of whether Congress could use the Necessary and Proper Clause to require State chief law enforcement officers to regulate handgun purchases with background-checks, the supreme court ruled No, based on the principle that state legislatures are not subject to federal direction.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1996/1996_95_1478
104th Congress-
Year : 1997,
The 104th Congress was composed of 204 Democrats, and 230 Republicans and 1 Independent, this was the first time in 40 years that the Republicans had control over both the Senate, and the House of Representatives.
http://history.house.gov/Congressional-Overview/Profiles/104th/
Hoke v. United States
Year :1913
Supreme court decided that congress could not regulate prostitution because it was province of the state.
http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/227/308.html
14th Amendment-
1868,
Granted citizenship to all people that were born or naturalized in the united states which included former slaves recently freed, it also prevented the denial of life, liberty, and property, without due process of the law to any person.
https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/14thamendment.html
Wesberry v. Sanders
Year : 1963
Court case regarding diluted right to vote due to population differences in districts.
Supreme Court voted that James Wesberry was being discriminated against and that the voting was unconstitutional.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1960-1969/1963/1963_22
Alden v. Maine
Year : 1998
Court case regarding the violation of the provisions from the 1983 fair labor standards act and congress power to repeal state's immunity from private suit in its own courts. It was voted that congress did not have this power giving states immunity in their own courts.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1998/1998_98_436
16th Amendment
Year : 1913
The Congress shall have the power to place and collect a tax on income, gained through any source,
https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxvi
Year : 1791
10th Amendment
http://www.usconstitution.net/xconst_Am10.html
the powers not delegated to the United States by the constitution , nor prohibited by it to the states, are reserved to the states respectively.
Korematsu v. United States
Year : 1944
Court case regarding the overuse of power in Presidential Executive Order 9066 which put Japanese Americans in concentration camps. The court ruled that the government had been just in this act to prevent japanese espionage.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1940-1949/1944/1944_22
Civil War-
1861
The Civil war strengthened the National Government. As a result of the civil war, slavery was soon abolished and the upset amongst the southern states was quelled.
http://www2.vcdh.virginia.edu/civilwar/index.php?section=Exhibits&page=Legacy1
Court case regarding whether or not New York state had the power to control all licenses in property reserved to congress. Court ruled that the state did not have the power to overrule the federal government.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1792-1850/1824/1824_0
Year : 1849
California's Constitution
Gibbons v. Oregon
A conflict-of-laws rule that specifying the supremacy that certain national acts have over state acts.
Year : 1824
The governor of California called for a new constitution to apply to the state of California. In this, California abolished slavery, established boundaries, and denied the possibility of North/South split after the Missouri compromise. The state tried to make its own constitution to separate the government from that of the federal government.
http://www.sos.ca.gov/archives/collections/constitutions/1849/full-text/
Supremacy Clause
Year: 1787
The war in Europe was raging and food was needed to support the troops. Farmers in the USA grew their net cash from 4.4 billion to 12.3 billion dollars. However, the war’s demand for metal resulted in making the purchase of a tractor very difficult. Price regulation and federal funding made farming heavily reliant on the national government.
http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe40s/money_02.html
1940s for farming -
Year : 1940 -1949
Palko v. Connecticut
Year : 1937
Court Case: Frank Palko was charged with first-degree murder, but was later convicted of second degree murder instead. Consequently, he was sentenced to a life in prison. The state of Connecticut later appealed and won a trial that concluded that Palko was guilty of first-degree murder, which ultimately determined that Palko would be sentenced to death. This raised questions on whether or not Palko’s second conviction violated protection against double jeopardy, which is guaranteed by the Fifth Amendment. The Supreme Court maintained that Frank would still be executed, affirming that double jeopardy was not a fundamental right, and that fundamental rights such as freedom of speech and opinion are applicable to the states due to the Fourteenth Amendment’s due process clause
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1901-1939/1937/1937_135
The state of Maryland decided to impede operation on the second bank of the United States. The federal government used the elastic clause to say that the federal government could charter a bank and that the state could not remove it.
Year : 1798
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1792-1850/1819/1819_0
Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions
McCulloh v. Maryland
These resolutions were passed by the Kentucky and Virginia state legislatures in response to the Alien and Sedition Acts of 1798, in the Virginia Resolution, authored by James Madison, Madison said that Congress did was not given the power by the Constitution to enact the Alien and Sedition acts of 1798, but was expressly denied the power in the amendments, in the Kentucky Resolution, written by Thomas Jefferson, Jefferson said that the states had the power to nullify federal laws that were seen as unconstitutional.
Year : 1819
http://billofrightsinstitute.org/founding-documents/primary-source-documents/virginia-and-kentucky-resolutions/
Created by the Framers when writing the constitution, to serve 2 key purposes, the first was to facilitate the organization of government, the second was to help execute the other the other enumerated powers of congress.
http://www.heritage.org/constitution#!/articles/1/essays/59/necessary-and-proper-clause
Elastic Clause
Year: 1787
Dred Scott v. Sanford -
1856-1857
Dred Scott was a slave purchased by Sanford in Missouri, a slave state. The Sanford family moved to Wisconsin and then returned to Missouri years later. When he was denied the ability to buy his freedom, he tried to sue Sanford claiming that because he lived in Wisconsin where slavery wasn’t allowed, he would be a free man. He lost. He again tried to sue for abuse but his trial was declined and it was decided that an African American could not make a case because he/she is not a citizen. The federal government decided to override the law of Wisconsin.
http://www.pbs.org/wnet/supremecourt/antebellum/landmark_dred.html
Red = Increase of State Power
Blue = Increase of Federal Power
Cooley v. Board of Wardens
1851
Court case regarding a tax law in Pennsylvania that would tax boats who did not hire pilots to enter port and whether or not it broke the commerce clause. The court ruled that the law did not break the constitution and was upheld.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1851-1900/1851/1851_0
Court case regarding the sale of land that was granted to 4 companies through a law that was later deemed void but, Peck originally granted the land later re-acquired and sold it to Fletcher after it was deemed he no longer owned the land. The court ruled that the land had been legally sold to Fletcher the state of Georgia could not reclaim the land due to ex-post facto laws.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1792-1850/1810/1810_0
Fletcher v. Peck
Held to address the weak central government that existed under the Articles of Confederation, emerging from the convention was the United States Constitution, which established a stronger central government with more specific powers.
Year : 1810
Year: 1781
Articles of Confederation:
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/convention-and-ratification
Constitutional Convention
Year: 1787
The first constitution of the United States, established a weak central government and the states entered a “...firm league of friendship…”
https://history.state.gov/milestones/1784-1800/convention-and-ratification
New York v. United States
Year : 1999
Court case regarding the Low-Level waste act and whether or not it violated the guarantee clause in the tenth amendment. Courts voted that the states had a right to regulate waste management
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1991/1991_91_543
Federal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina Ports Authority
Year : 2001
Court case regarding a State's sovereign immunity to prevent the federal maritime commision from making a ruling regarding a private complaint that a state port has violated the shipping act of 1984. The court ruled that the state was just in blocking the federal maritime commision.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2001/2001_01_46
Reno v. Condon
Year : 1999
Court case regarding a driver's right keep registered personal information private. Court ruled in favor of the drivers and created the Drivers Protection Policy Act or DPPA to protect drivers personal information.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1999/1999_98_1464
“Do Not Call” Law
2003
The federal government created a list to prevent telemarketers from being able to contact phone numbers on the list. The federal government creates a list for the people that is independent of states.
https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/statutes/do-not-call-registry-legislation
Nevada v. Hibbs
2002
Court case regarding the rights of an individual to sue a state for money damages in a federal court for violation of the Family and medical leave act of 1993. The court voted that the individual did have the rights to sue.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/2000-2009/2002/2002_01_1368
Development of the department of Homeland Security-
2002
was established through the Homeland Security Act of 2002,
its mission includes, protecting the U.S. from terrorist attacks within the country, reduce the vulnerability of the united states to terrorism
http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/hr_5005_enr.pdf
United States v. Morrison
Year : 1999
Court case regarding congress right to enact the Violence Against Women act of 1994 under the commerce clause or the 14th amendment. The court ruled that Congress did not have the power to enact this law because it was not covered in commerce clause or the 14th amendment.
http://www.oyez.org/cases/1990-1999/1999/1999_99_5
No child left behind-
2002
Amends the Elementary and Secondary Education act of 1965, requires that states to develop plans with annual measurable objectives that ensure the quality of the teachers teaching in all core academic subjects.
September 11th 2001-
2001
As a result of September 11, 2001 there were many acts created in congress, some include but are not limited to: The Intelligence authorization act, 2002, The Air Transportation Safety and System Stabilization Act, The Enhanced Border Security and Visa Entry Reform Act of 2002, and The national Defense Authorization act.
http://thomas.loc.gov/home/terrorleg.htm