Introducing
Your new presentation assistant.
Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.
Trending searches
Exploration and investment in developing countries are driven by
Some examples:
However, by its nature the industry affects the physical environment and surrounding communities. Most developing countries face challenges in managing the sector.
In cases of weak governance, enforcement and oversight, economic benefits from extractives are offset by the high social and environmental costs.
These can include:
DFATD supports three paths to development through extractives :
This pillar focuses on:
Growing business and
local economic development through support for local economic diversification
Our framework includes
CIDA's 1992
Environment Policy
Strategic Environmental Assessment
of the
Sustainable Economic Growth Policy
Canadian Environmental Assessment Act (2012)
Canada’s Framework on Extractives and Sustainable Development.
Building the Canadian Advantage:
A Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Strategy for the Canadian International Extractive Sector
March 2009
Includes
In accordance with Canada’s Corporate Social Responsibility Strategy, development officers should promote the application of widely recognized performance standards on social and environmental sustainability, including:
• the Extractive Industry Transparency Initiative (EITI)
• assessment and management of environmental and social risks and impacts
• resource efficiency and pollution prevention
• community health, safety and security
• biodiversity conservation and sustainable management of living natural resources
• Indigenous peoples
E3Plus (PDAC)
Toward Sustainable Mining (MAC)
African Mining Vision
African Mineral Development Centre
Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative
Intergovernmental Forum (IGF)
Mining Policy Framework
A compendium of best practice in mining governance, covering exploration to post closure
Environment:
Water, land, air, wastes, biodiversity, mine inspection, emergency preparedness, closure and financial surety, orphaned and abandoned mines, etc.
Social:
Education, heath, safety, employment, community development, human rights, security, etc.
Artisanal and Small-Scale Mining (ASM):
Integration and formalisation, environment, health and safety
Women and child labour, education, etc.
Our challenge
Development officers should incorporate socio-environmental provisions of Canada’s policies and frameworks (e.g. Canada’s Framework on Extractives and Sustainable Development, relevant strategic environmental assessments (SEAs), and CIDA’s Policy for Environmental Sustainability, amongst others.
Prospecting and exploration: 5-10 years
Pre-feasibility and feasibility studies: 1-2 years
Financing: 1-2 years
Authorizations: several years
Construction: 1-2 years
Operation: 5-100 years (avg 15 yrs)
Site closure and rehabilitation: 1-2 years
Surface mining is used:
Lower cost per tonne of ore
Flexibility to vary production rate
Increased safety
Surveillance is relatively simple
Limited and easily trained personnel
Extensive environmental damage:
Characteristic of many coal deposits
Large-capacity, highly mechanized operations
Three steps
Serious environmental impacts:
Legislation typically requires restoration of sites for re-use (agriculture, reforestation, etc.)
Considerations:
Extractive activities leave a large environmental footprint that can result in serious consequences for the environment, as well as the health and well-being of workers and surrounding communities.
This is also true for artisanal mining where technology, processes and regulations often lag behind, resulting in environmental damage and hazardous working conditions.
Many developing countries seek assistance to
Sources of conflict
Sources of conflict
CSR vs community expectations
Community expectations can be out of proportion
Poor understanding of mine development phases
Jobs - limited number, most are specialized
Water Use
Division of the community (gender issues)
• supporting the development of technical programs in the area of environment and natural resource management,
• strengthening the capacity of community leaders, to plan and manage financial resources from the extractive industry
• supporting the development of community-level environmental committees
• Enhance communities and individuals’ understanding of their environmental rights and mechanisms to protect them
• building the capacity of communities to organize themselves and to participate more effectively in public consultation processes
• supporting initiatives that increase environmental education, awareness-raising, and access to information
Social and economic impacts
Massive influx of capital
Inflation and competition
Arrival of newcomers
Significant impact during construction
High-paying jobs, but not for everyone
Lifestyle changes
Limited duration of project
Impacts on quality of life
Key principles:
Harmonious development
CSR is relatively new to the mining industry
Recognition of the need for a social contract
In line with the 3Ps: Population, Planet, Profit
All large companies have a CSR program, which focus on:
The environmental footprint of extractive activities typically includes, but is not limited to:
Other examples
Topographic changes
Deforestation
Desertification
Risks of contamination
Sources of contamination
Blasting
Equipment and storage tanks (oil, diesel)
Ore processing
Mine waste
Transportation - pipelines, railways, ports
3 categories of mine waste:
Acid (pH < 5.5) – hazardous to the environment
Neutral (5.5 < pH < 8.5) – poses little hazard
Basic (pH > 8.5) – variable hazard
Acid mine drainage is the main problem caused by mine discharges
- High remediation costs
US$100 billion globally
Complex process
Breakdown of sulphides
Renders heavy metals soluble
Assisting in drafting and reviewing environment and natural resources related
related to extractive activities,
(including artisanal and small-scale mining)
Building institutional capacity to conduct Strategic Environmental Assessments of policies, plans, programs and strategies related to the natural resource/extractive sector.
Assist governments in managing the environmental assessment processes,
in order to better understand and integrate environmental concerns into development plans.
Encouraging the government to allocate sufficient resources (human and financial) to ensure the enforcement of legal and regulatory environmental frameworks relating to extractive activities.
Building departments’ capacity to perform their oversight and monitoring functions, including
Key potential focus areas
Tanzania: Work with the Tanzania Minerals Audit Agency to
Ghana: Build parliamentary budget oversight capacity to
Bolivia: Support the Bolivian Revenue Agency to establish a hydrocarbon tax department, which has helped increase government revenue from the sector and redistribute it through social services to people in need.
Examples of environmental integration activities include:
Pan-Africa supports the African Mineral Development Centre (AMDC) to improve economic diversification and investment in the extractive sector.
For instance, it seeks to leverage or integrate mining infrastructure to benefit other economic sectors.
Peru: Build capacity of agricultural producers near extractive industries to diversify their production, access markets and fuel local economic development.
Examples of environmental integration activities include:
Americas: increase ability of indigenous communities to engage with local governments, private sector and other stakeholders for sustainable natural resource management in their territories
Burkina Faso: develop the capacity of youth through demand-driven skills training and development to work in the mining sector and its sub-sectors
Colombia: provide access to resources and capacity building for communities to work with governments to identify, plan, and manage development projects that address the social and environmental dimensions of the extractive sector and create sustainable economic development
Our broad challenges
Liquid Natural Gas
Components include:
Consideration in Tanzania, Mozambique
Exploration
Oil and Gas - Off shore
Carried out primarily by junior companies
High risk capital
Sale of property to site operators
Relatively limited financial resources and minimal CSR programs
But...high expectations
Potential infrastructure include:
Issue in Tanzania, Mozambique
Going
Deeper
An operation typically consists of:
Departmental Policies
Departmental Policies
Domestic Laws and Policies
Non-governmental Initiatives
Key elements of the SEG SEA include:
Regional Dynamics
Questions? Comments?
Concerns?
Oil and Gas - Onshore
International framework
Human resource requirements depend on:
Potential infrastructure includes
Issue in Kenya, South Sudan
Matheson, G. and L. Giroux (2010). Capacity Development for Environmental Management and Governance in the Energy Sector in Developing Countries. OECD Environment Working Papers, No. 25, OECD Publishing. http://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/environment/capacity-development-for-environmental-management-and-governance-in-the-energy-sector-in-developing-countries_5km4knxj9tf3-en
World Bank (2010). Environmental Governance in Oil-Producing Developing Countries. Extractive Industries for Development Series No. 17. http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTOGMC/Resources/336929-1266963339030/eifd17_environmental_governance.pdf
UICN (2004). Industries extractives dans les zones arides et semi-arides: Planification et gestion de l'environnement. Collection Gestion des écosystèmes No 1. http://www.iucn.org/about/union/commissions/cem/cem_resources/?uNewsID=386
Environmental Law Alliance Worldwide (2010). Guidebook for Evaluating Mining Project EIAs. http://www.elaw.org/mining-eia-guidebook
Economic Commission for Africa (2011). Minerals and Africa's Development: International Study Group on Africa's Mineral Regimes. http://ti.au.int/en/content/minerals-and-africa%E2%80%99s-development-international-study-group-report-africa%E2%80%99s-mineral-regimes
ICMM (2006). Good practice Guidance for Mining and Biodiversity. http://www.icmm.com/page/1182
UNEP (2000). Mining and Sustainable Development II: Challenges and Perspectives. Industry and Environment, vol 23, Special Issue 2000. http://www.unep.fr/shared/docs/review/vol23si/vol23si.htm
Our Policy Environment
Domestically required if a federal authority proposes the mining project, provides financing or lands for the project or issues certain permits or approvals for the project. Internationally required if "a project" or if on inclusion list
Two types of assessment: Screening/Comprehensive
Most major mining projects require a comprehensive assessment, with a legal obligation to seek public comment
Advantages of Surface Mining
Domestic Policies
Plus...
Local laws and authorities:
Disadvantages of Surface Mining
Metals or other useful substances can be separated from gravels
- Mine water collection
- Chemical treatment
Neutralization of mine water and precipitation of metals
Flocculation of precipitates
- Passive systems
- Reduction and prevention of AMD
Canada will support establishing/ implementing
Serious environmental impacts:
soil inversion
exposure of new surfaces facilitating erosion
changes in relief
Legislation requires restoration of sites for re-use (agriculture, reforestation, etc.)
Not used in Quebec
Common
in the U.S. Appalachian region
in western Canada
in the U.S. Mid-West
Shrinkage stoping
Cut and fill
Sublevel stoping
Room and pillar
Caving
3 key areas
Access to the resource
Health and safety
Environment
Placer mining
Open-pit mining
Strip mining
A placer is an alluvial deposit containing metals
TSM was born out of a need to improve performance and manage risk and, in so doing, to improve the mining industry’s reputation. There are many reasons why addressing social, environmental and community issues is good for mining companies.
Good Practice Guidelines
Archaeological and Cultural Sites
Planning Needs
Land Disturbance
Site Management
Air Management
Fish and Wildlife Management
Water Use and Conservation
Hazardous Material
Objective: To conduct exploration activities
in ways that create minimal disturbance to
the environment and people.
Spill Management
Waste Management
Guidelines for Uranium
Exploration
Reclamation and Closure
Checklists
Case Histories
International Standards
Non-governmental Initiatives
The AMV seeks to use Africa’s natural resources sector as a tool for social and economic transformation to achieve Africa’s development objectives. It works towards:
African Ministers approved the establishment of the AMDC in 2011 to provide technical support for implementing the AMV. The AMDC aims to:
1) provide a common platform for engagement for countries, stakeholders and donors;
2) allow for economies of scale in the provision of training and technical assistance, and
3) provide a much-needed forum where best practices can be shared and countries can learn from each other.
`
Regional
Dynamics
International Initiatives
Enabling communities to maximize benefits from the extractive sector to
promote inclusive and diversified growth,
including training and skills development.
Oil, gas and mining industries are critical to economic growth in over 50 developing countries,
This is due, in part, to the global resource boom fed by an increase in metal prices and resulting investments.
In 2011, exports of oil and minerals from Africa, Asia and Central and South America were worth over (US) $1.4 trillion – about 10 times the value of international development assistance provided in the same year.
Extractive Industries
and the Environment
Building resource governance capacity to strengthen national, regional and local governments and regulatory institutions to manage the extractive sector transparently and responsibly;
Governance
When appropriately governed and managed, the extractive sector (mining, oil and gas) can be
It is possible to predict whether discharges will generate AMD through:
mineralogical analyses
laboratory testing
field tests and measurements
Usual control measures
Aqueous cover
Multi-layer cover