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The Russian Industrial Revolution

  • Was the Minister of Finance for Russia between 1892 and 1903
  • Pursued a much more sophisticated form of policy than his governmental colleagues did
  • Devoted his energy to the stabilization of finance, production of heavy industry, and the building of railroads
  • Established a gold standard for Russia that added prestige and attracted foreign capital
  • Encouraged heavy industry by every means, including government orders, tariff regulations, improving transportation, and unceasing efforts to obtain investments from abroad

History of Russia

Influence of Sergei Witte (1849-1915)

Chase Carter, Patrick Freeman, Bry Liggins & Subhanshu Pyne

The Great Reform (1880's-'90's)

  • Period in time where capitalism became prominent
  • Brought rapid industrialization of the country, resulting in major social change
  • The revolution of 1905 was sparked by the social transformation that was occurring as well as the large growth of the opposition to the regime
  • Capitalism in Russia led to the two classes that would later determine the future of Russia: The Bourgeoisie and the Proletariat
  • Reforms also led to a rise of a middle class
  • Russian industrialists and technicians abolished Serfdom in order to improve industrialization
  • After the emancipation of the mainly peasant nature of the nation, most people saw that the tsars still would not observe the capitalist model as its own
  • In the 1890's, industrialization in Russia grew at an incredible rate
  • Thanks to the constantly-growing railroad in Russia (8% in length per year), people could travel much greater distances in much shorter time

The Formation of the Soviet Union

By 1915, the situation for the people of Russia was dire. Food was scarce, fuel was running out, and thousands upon thousands of people were dying at an incredible rate.

On March 3, 1917, a famous strike in a factory took place in Petrograd, one that started a slew of strikes. Five days later, thousands of women textile workers in the same city went on strike and protested about the lack of food. A few days following the event, the majority of workers were on strike.

The Bolsheviks rose and overcame the opposition, and by 1921, were the prominent political party and ruled Russia. By 1922, Vladimir Lenin had successfully formed the Soviet Union, although the region was still in economic turmoil.

The First Five Year Plan

  • Introduced in 1928
  • Focused on the development of iron, steel, electric power, machine tools and transport
  • Rapidly industrialized to prepare for possible invasions
  • Factories that failed to reach their required targets were publicly humiliated
  • If an employee was slacking, he or she would be accused of attempting to sabotage the Five Year Plan and would be shot or sent to work on the Siberian Railway or on the Baltic Sea Canal project
  • Wages were incresed for certain workers to increase work output, some believed this to be a betrayal of socialism
  • Helped modernize the previously backward Soviet economy, allowing the Soviet Union to defeat its opponents during WWII

Joseph Stalin

  • Primarily focused on increasing the power of the state's secret police and intelligence agencies
  • Created a cult of personality around himself and demanded that he be remembered for "the extraordinary modesty characteristic of truly great people" by ordering the construction of many statues of himself
  • Was the cause of great famines causing approximately 375,000-400,000 deaths
  • Intentionally caused Holodomor, of which there were 7.5 million deaths
  • Stalin's government financed industrialiaztion by limiting consumption and extraction of kulaks (Russian peasants) wealth
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