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CNN, (2014) Study: ADHD medicine doesn't work long-term, CNN,Retrieve from YouTube

The Cons of Drugs

Study in Denmark

One Minute Medical School (2015) Is there an "ADHD epidemic"?, Retrieved from Youtube

The second study conducted in Denmark took into consideration feedback received from parents and teachers regarding the impact of Ritalin on children with ADHD. The feedback showed that ritalin did exert a positive effect on the children’s behaviour.

(Storebo, Krogh, Ramstad, Moreia-Maia, & Holmskov, 2015)

- Often time, youth will be misdiagnosed with ADHD because some symptoms while they appear ADHD, actually are not.

From 2002 to 2008, the amount stimulants that have quintupled over the years for the sake of money. (Schwarz, 2013)

The Different Types of ADHD

Inattentive: easily bored, nonactive listening, processes information slowly, trouble focusing on a single task

Impulsive/ Hyperactive: constantly moving, they may talk a lot, easily bored, has difficulties staying on task

Combined: fidgeting, difficulties focusing, may be disorganized

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder

Consultant 360, (2013) ADHD and the DSM-5: Update on Revisions to Diagnostic Criteria, Volume 12, Issue 10, Retrieved from https://www.consultant360.com/articles/adhd-and-dsm-5-update-revisions-diagnostic-criteria

ADHD was first added to the DSM in 1987. It is characterized by a persistent pattern of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity that interferes with functioning or development.

MindUp Program

Mindfulness in Schools

First A Little Bit About ADHD!

Our Hypothesis

- Mindfulness is said to be a mental achieved state where you gain full awareness and focus on the present moment.

- Currently all over the Halton Catholic District School Board and the Halton District School Board students are practicing some sort of Mindfulness Activity.

- Mindfulness activities in schools are typically practiced about 3 times a day in a classroom during transition times.

- Transitioning from recess to academic learning can be a struggle for kids especially with the younger age youth.

- Key takeaways of Mindfulness in schools are: Improving focus and awareness on learning moments, builds self-awareness and self-esteem.

- Founded in 2003, the MindUP program provides teachers in schools opportunities and strategies to implement mindfulness within the academics.

- The program consists of 15 lessons. One lesson focused on each week.

- The MindUP program has been noticed to improve social skills within schools, decrease the level of aggression, and improvements on academic focus and learning in specific subjects such as Math, and English.

- It's an adaptive program as it allows teachers to easily implement within the academics and social emotional pieces.

- Throughout the program students learn how to regulate emotions and learn focus-attending skills.

- MindUP helps teachers create a classroom filled with optimism, engagement, social skills, empathy, and a ready to learn environment.

- Typically the CYC will come to the class and do the Social-Emotional piece for each lesson. The teachers have an option to implement the mindful lesson within each academic subject.

Retrieved from: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/3-MindUP-Units-and-Weekly-Lessons-MindUPProgramComponents_tbl3_284188550

Retrieved from:http://teacher.scholastic.com/products/mindup/pdfs/Mindup_6-8_lesson.pdf

Parenting Skill Training

Let's Practice Core Breathing!

Mindfulness, yoga, parent skill training, and physical activity are better alternatives than medication for children and youth with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

According to McMaster University, there were 3 options were given to 445 families as a recommendation to treat their kids

- Individual Parenting Skill Training

- Group Parenting Skill Training

- Education on ADHD

Out of the options, 58.7 percent said they wanted educational pamphlet. Out of this group, one fifth of this group reported the highest levels of depression and other mental health challenges. (Deal, 2016)

- Core breathing is typically done during transition time within the school community.

- Core breathing is meant to set your mind and body in the present moment.

- With your eyes closed slowly breathing in through your nose and out slowly with your mouth.

- You will hear a chime coming from my phone and I want you to listen to the chime as long as possible.

After Core Breathing exercise Discussion Questions:

- How do you feel after the exercise?

- Do you think this helps you refresh and come back in the present moment?

- Do you see how this could be beneficial with kids with ADHD?

Our Supporting Arguments

Study in UK

In Favor of Yoga

A Study In Germany

One study in the UK which proved that stimulants enhanced brain activity especially in areas that control cognitive function and inhibitory input. This is how these drugs impacted ADHD symptom spectrum.

(Rubia, Alegria, Cubillo, Smith, Brammer, & Radua, 2014)

The Different Types of Medication for ADHD

- A study in Germany as well as the Netherlands, scientists wanted to find out if acute and chronic effects of using cardio would affect youth with ADHD.

- The results showed that cardio had improved attention and executive function (Den Heijer, 2017)

- According to one Study by Beart and Lessing, the study said that certain yoga positions improve concentration and focus.(Beart, Lessing, 2013)

- Another study from Cerrillo-Urbina said it also improved attention and decrease hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour. (Cerrillo-Urbina, 2015)

Negative Side Effects of Methylphenidates

Stimulants (methylphenidates and amphetamines): Helps the brain produce more dopamine and norepinephrine, both function as a neurotransmitter which help with reward and motivational behaviour. (Williams, 2018)

Non- Stimulant: stops different neurotransmitters from making connections, and helps produce more norepinephrine. (Silver, 2018 )

Ritalin:

Nervousness,

Agitation,

Anxiety,

Insomnia,

Stomach Pain,

Weight Loss,

Nausea.

Adderall:

Stomach Pain,

Loss of Appetite,

Weight Loss,

Mood Changes,

Headache,

Dizziness,

Insomnia,

Fast Heart Rate.

Counter Arguments

(Williams, 2018)

- Our main focus as a group for our supportive argument is therapies are more beneficial for youth with ADHD rather than medication.

- Through our research we have found that acute physical activity has been helpful.

- In London England, they had 46 children play exergaming, a form of exercise through gaming, for 15 minutes to test whether the children aged 8-12 benefited from the experiment which in regards to executive function and working memory. What they found was that children performed very quickly while switching from the Flanker to the Color Span Backwards Task. (Benzing, 2018)

Negative side effects of Non Stimulants

Ashwood Recovery (2017),Ritalin Versus Adderall Versus Concerta: Which ADHD Drugs Pose the Most Risk for Abuse? , Ashwood Recovery, Retrieved from https://www.ashwoodrecovery.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/04_Ritalin-Versus-Adderall-Versus-Concerta_Which-ADHD-Drugs-Pose-the-Most-Risk-for-Abuse.png

Intuniv:

Sleepiness,

Difficulty Sleeping,

Nausea,

Stomach pain,

Low Blood Pressure,

Slow Heart Rate.

Strattera:

Decreased Appetite,

Nausea,

Vomiting,

Fatigue,

Dizziness,

Mood Swings.

(Silver, 2018 )

We have found articles on certain medications that have shown to improve cognitive function and quality of life in children and youth with ADHD.

What brought our group together?

Study in Iran

The third study in Iran observed the impact of using ritalin on children who were being treated with neurofeedback therapy. This study showed a positive supportive relationship between the two revealing that children on Ritalin responded faster to the neurofeedback.

(Pakdaman, Irani, Tajikzadeh, & Jabalkandi, 2018)

We explored different topics, from Post traumatic stress disorder to Autism Spectrum Disorder and became interested in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity disorder within children being over prescribed medication.

References

References:

Family Guidance Center, (2013) Many Children Don’t Grow Out of ADHD, Family Guidance Center for behavioral healthcare, Retrieved from http://fgcnow.org/many-children-dont-grow-out-of-adhd/

Borboa Michelle, (Oct 31, 2008) ADHD increases likelihood of divorce, She Knows, Retrieved from https://www.sheknows.com/health-and-wellness/articles/806384/adhd-increases-likelihood-of-divorce/

Schwarz, A. (2013). The Selling of Attention Deficit Disorder. Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/2013/12/15/health/the-selling-of-attention-deficit-disorder.html

Legg, J, T. (2014). The History of ADHD: A Timeline. Retrieved from https://www.healthline.com/health/adhd/history#1987

Learning Disabilities Association of Ontario. (2019). Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Retrieved from http://www.ldao.ca/introduction-to-ldsadhd/what-is-adhd/

Holland, K. & Riley, E. (2014). ADHD Numbers: Facts, Statistics, and You. Retrieved from: https://www.addrc.org/adhd-numbers-facts-statistics-and-you/

Elison K(N.d). Stop the Cycle of Shame for Girls with ADHD. Attitude Inside the ADHD Mind. Retrieved from. https://www.additude.com/adhd-in-girls-shame/

https://uwaterloo.ca/news/news/adhd-youth-no-more-risk-traffic-violations-non-adhd-youth

References

Rubia, K., Alegria, A. A., Cubillo, A. I., Smith, A. B., Brammer, M. J., & Radua, J. (2014). Effects of Stimulants on Brain Function in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Biological Psychiatry, 76(8), 616-628. Retrieved from: https://www-sciencedirect-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/science/article/pii/S0006322313009529?fbclid=IwAR3INyIajSQGNNAmdC7xB7QPqPARQmpbwoZfoikXh1GNCK4nQclQmAIUde0

Storebo, O. J., Krogh, H. B., Ramstad, E., Moreria- Maia, C. R., Nilausen, T. D., Magnusson, F. L., . . . Gluud, C. (2015). Methylphenidate for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents: Cochrane systematic review with meta-analyses and trial sequential analyses of randomised clinical trials. The BMJ. Retrieved from: https://www-bmj-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/content/351/bmj.h5203

Pakdaman, F., Irani, F., Tajikzadeh, F., & Jabalkandi, S. A. (2018). The efficacy of Ritalin in ADHD children under neurofeedback training. Neurological Sciences, 39(12), 2071-2078. Retreived from: https://link-springer-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs10072-018-3539-3#citeas

EriksonNews May 2, 2017 MINDFULNESS in the early grades Retrieved from: YouTube

Kelly, K. (2019). Mindfulness: What You Need to Know for Kids With Learning and Attention Issues. Retrieved from https://www.understood.org/en/friends-feelings/empowering-your-child/self-awareness/mindfulness-what-you-need-to-know-for-kids-with-learning-and-attention-issues

Mind up. (2019). Positive school-wide culture and climate. Retrieved from https://mindup.org/mindup-for-schools/

Deal, Ken, Cunnningham, Charles E., Chen, Yvonne, Rimas, Heather M. Wymbs, Frances A. , Waschbusch, Daniel A., Pelham Jr., William E. , (September 1st, 2016). Examining Parents’ Preferences for Group and Individual Parent Training for Children with ADHD Symptoms, , Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, Department of International Marketing and Health Services Management, McMaster University, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Department of Psychology, Ohio University, Retrieved from http://qg3yr4sv8z.search.serialssolutions.com/?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info%3Aofi%2Fenc%3AUTF-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsummon.serialssolutions.com&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Examining%20Parents'%20Preferences%20for%20Group%20and%20Individual%20Parent%20Training%20for%20Children%20with%20ADHD%20Symptoms.(attention%20deficit%20hyperactivity%20disorder)&rft.jtitle=Journal%20of%20Clinical%20Child%20and%20Adolescent%20Psychology&rft.au=Rimas%2C%20Heather%20M&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft.pub=Taylor%20%26%20Francis%20Group%20LLC&rft.issn=1537-4416&rft.eissn=1537-4424&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=5&rft.spage=614&rft.externalDBID=n%2Fa&rft.externalDocID=A481219428&paramdict=en-UK&fbclid=IwAR0O7utAiP9VKc-pwUConJnAC8F92frVMkcpq9_Fj9jXEEs-7u41KknanWU

Cerillo-Urbina, A.J. (May 18, 2015). The effects of physical exercise in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized control trials, Child: Care, Health, and Development, Social and Health Care Center, University of Castilla La mancha, Cuenca, Spain. Retrieved from https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cch.12255

Benzing, Valentin, Chang, Yu-Kai, Schmidt, Mirko (August 17, 2018). Acute Physical Activity Enhances Executive Functions in Children with ADHD, Scientific Reports, Nature Publisher Group, Vol. 8, London, England. Retrieved from https://search-proquest-cIwAR1OYO_OjdXKIozXS9Vx8jaYwztwCPfwsdywn6h5QGdUbpFQKYMW_t_vLp8om.library.sheridanc.on.ca/docview/2090581953?pq-origsite=summon&fbclid=

Den Heijer, Anne E., Groen, Yvonne, Tucha, Lara, Fuermaier, Anselm B.M., Koerts, Janneke, Lange, Klaus W., Thome, Johannes, Tucha, Oliver (July 11, 2016). Sweat it out? The effects of physical exercise on cognition and behavior in children and adults with ADHD: a systematic literature review, Department of Clinical and Developmental Neuropsychology, Faculty of Behavioural and Social Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands, Department of Experimental Psychology University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Rostock, Rostock. Germany, Retrieved from https://link-springer-com.library.sheridanc.on.ca/article/10.1007%2Fs00702-016-1593-7

Silver, L. (2018). Strattera: ADHD Medication FAQ. ADDitude, Retrieved from: https://www.additude.com/strattera-adhd-medication-faq/

Williams, P. (2018). A Patient’s Primer on the Stimulant Medications Used to Treat ADHD. ADDitude, Retrieved from: https://www.additude.com/stimulant-medications-for-adhd/

Conclusion

How does this relate to our field?

Although medications can be a valuable resource to treat the symptoms of ADHD, other forms of treatment such as mindfulness therapies, yoga, parent skill training, and physical activities are more beneficial for children and youth with ADHD.

Some of the concerns that we have as Child and Youth Care Practitioners is the ever growing reliance and over prescribing of ADHD medication leaving children with negative side effects while taking away from their natural gifts.

Therapies Instead of medications: ADHD

Alexander Kozlowski, Aliyah Stuart, Howard Oram, Huma Shahzad, and Jefferson De Castro

Sheridan College

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