SUMMARIZING IN DEPTH

connecting/proving words: “argues” “connects” “demonstrates” “contrasts” “because” “in order to” “therefore”

Why does [PARTICULAR ASPECT] surface in [PARTICULAR WAY]? (order/causation/

analysis)

How does [PARTICULAR ELEMENT] modify [PARTICULAR PRACTICE/ANALYSIS/ UNDERSTANDING]?

To what extent does [ELEMENT 1] replace/change [ELEMENT B]? (order/causation/

analysis)

How does understanding disruption theory's history modify the practice of how it should be used?

step 1

• there have been various ways to deal with change throughout history
• Thus the practice of business was changed by focusing management on planning for the unexpected rather than continuing to do what had worked.
• The emphasis on speed with the emphasis on terror and panic changes our understanding of why this theory came into being: it is a response to a fast paced time in which doing what works will not address changes in other aspects of world, which is seen as ruleless and full of threat
• The emphasis on lack of examination and hand picked case studies of disruption changes our analysis by suggesting it is not a very well theorized idea; practice wise maybe we should not trust it much
• This pattern changes our analysis by suggesting that disruption does not actually happen often in companies: rather, companies find ways to retain their old practices and combine them with the new.
• This emphasis on explanation of past events changes our understanding of the value of disruptive theory by suggesting it may be useful in saying why something happened, but not in helping make decisions about what to do in future.
• The anomaly of discussing education and journalism, particularly Harvard's founding, changes the practice of what disruption can be applied to. Even if it is valid with a business, other institutions, such as schools, require interaction and small numbers, meaning disruption should not be applied to them.
• This emphasis on morality changes our analysis of the value of disruption by suggesting that even when it is successful in business it ignores key values of community and compassion and those who are trained in it still seek other models of behavior

In "The Disruption Machine," Jill Lepore demonstrates that the "gospel" of disruption arose from a specific historical time of great uncertainty in order to argue that it should not be used as a guide to making decisions: she contrasts its explanatory power to its predictive power and questions its lack of morality.

step 2

In ______("article name")___, Full Name of Author ______________________(your über so what, using good connecting/proving words)_______________________. Last Name adds that ____So What____. Additionally, (s)he points out that ______so what___.S/He warns, however, that ____________so what________. S/he adds that ____interesting quotation—just the thought provoking parts,” basing this on ___________ your sentence, using good connecting/proving words________. Ultimately, Last Name __desire word__ to_change/rewrite/re something____ideas about _____general word.

Summary in Depth

Why Summarize?

• Better Understand Larger Conversation
• Get you thinking in new ways (change analysis/viewpoint/practice etc)

• Prove you got it
• Set up your argument

Bottom Line: Summaries Vary Based on Purpose

Well Chosen Quotations

step 3

Why use quotations?

Provide support for claims or add credibility to your writing

Refer to work that leads up to the work you are now doing

Give examples of several points of view on a subject

Call attention to a position that you wish to agree or disagree with

Highlight a particularly striking phrase, sentence, or passage by quoting the original

Distance yourself from the original by quoting it in order to cue readers that the words are not your own

Expand the breadth or depth of your writing

Major problem: assuming the quotations speak for themselves

Orphan Quotations: they’ve been taken away from their contexts, and need to be integrated into their new surroundings

Make a “quotation sandwich”

Lead-in claim: explain who is speaking and sets up the quote

Follow up explain why it’s important and what you take it to say, or have to say about it.

Accurately reflect the spirit of the passage

Not “Bordo states…” but “Bordo is alarmed that..”

INTRODUCING QUOTATIONS

¾ X states, “__________.”

¾ As the prominent philosopher X puts it, “__________.”

¾ According to X, “__________.” ¾ X herself writes, “__________.”

¾ In his book, __________, X maintains that “__________.”

¾ In X’s view, “__________.”

¾ X agrees/disagrees when she writes, “__________.”

¾ X complicates matters further when he writes, “__________.”

EXPLAINING QUOTATIONS

¾ Basically, X is saying __________.

¾ In other words, X believes __________.

¾ In making this comment, X argues that __________.

¾ X is insisting that __________.

¾ X’s point is that __________.

¾ The essence of X’s argument is that __________.

Quotations must be identical to the original, using a narrow segment of the source. They must match the source document word for word and must be attributed to the original author.

Paraphrasing involves putting a passage from source material into your own words. A paraphrase must also be attributed to the original source. Paraphrased material is usually shorter than the original passage, taking a somewhat broader segment of the source and condensing it slightly. Generally this is something you do to increase your own understanding

Summarizing involves putting the main idea(s) into your own words, including only the main point(s). Once again, it is necessary to attribute summarized ideas to the original source. Summaries are significantly shorter than the original and take a broad overview of the source material. This helps your understanding and can be used to report ideas in a paper (it still needs to be cited!!)

(Purdue OWL)

Lepore adds that the practice of business was changed by focusing management on planning for the unexpected rather than continuing to do what had worked. Additionally, she points out that this emphasis on explanation of past events changes our understanding of the value of disruptive theory by suggesting it may be useful in saying why something happened, but not in helping make decisions about what to do in future. She warns, however, that the emphasis on lack of examination and hand picked case studies of disruption changes our analysis by suggesting it is not a very well theorized idea; practice wise maybe we should not trust it much. She adds that the gospel of disruption suggests one should “forget rules, obligations, your conscience, loyalty. a sense of the comonweal,” basing this on a claim that even when disruption is successful in business it ignores key values of community and compassion and those who are trained in it still seek other models of behavior.

there have been various ways to deal with change throughout history

Thus the practice of business was changed by focusing management on planning for the unexpected rather than continuing to do what had worked.

The emphasis on speed with the emphasis on terror and panic changes our understanding of why this theory came into being: it is a response to a fast paced time in which doing what works will not address changes in other aspects of world, which is seen as ruleless and full of threat

The emphasis on lack of examination and hand picked case studies of disruption changes our analysis by suggesting it is not a very well theorized idea; practice wise maybe we should not trust it much

This pattern changes our analysis by suggesting that disruption does not actually happen often in companies: rather, companies find ways to retain their old practices and combine them with the new.

This emphasis on explanation of past events changes our understanding of the value of disruptive theory by suggesting it may be useful in saying why something happened, but not in helping make decisions about what to do in future.

The anomaly of discussing education and journalism, particularly Harvard's founding, changes the practice of what disruption can be applied to. Even if it is valid with a business, other institutions, such as schools, require interaction and small numbers, meaning disruption should not be applied to them.

This emphasis on morality changes our analysis of the value of disruption by suggesting that even when it is successful in business it ignores key values of community and compassion and those who are trained in it still seek other models of behavior

past vs future (binary). what gets linked with it in this section?

Binary: companies succeeding vs companies failing (disruption)

superlatives changing--what is author changing?

anomaly: terror/panic

arguing that dsruption is about a lack of rules and being able to predict/ guess who is threat (link to terrorism)

new section--what's new here?

(also final section--prob want to do full-out collations/applications/so whats

new section--what's new here?

anomaly--why harvard and its history of lots of interaction?

Why did one model replace the other?: the collation of speed/pace/history comes up a lot: this theory is for a fast paced time in which doing what works will not address changes in other aspects of world, which is seen as ruleless and full of threat

there have been various ways to deal with change throughout history

author uses superlative (more striking) to set up her claim--also this deals with past/future dictotomy we noted. Big so what!

Example: what is disruption, who talks about it

Data Collation

earlier theories about how to deal with history/change: tracing changes in analysis

Application

new section--what's new here?

prediction vs retropect

history vs future

Binary: tradition/decisions/management/good vs disruption/missed/ failure

The binary between disruption and traditional management in Lepores article reveals a contrast between ideas. She suggests that management had been understood as continuing good ideas, but became understood as being ready for the unexpected. The value of planning and identifying good practice disappeared.

So What

Example--can skim until you hit a marker word/anomaly/binary/ etc

disruption stands out bc few have criticized it

examples--failed while being disruptive

Thus the practice of business was changed by focusing management on planning for the unexpected rather than continuing to do what had worked.

Ultimately, Lepore wants to reassess ideas about the values of business planning.

The encounter should be understood as a list of the questions the so what answers: why did this author write the article? To develop this write a list of what question each so what answers—your questions may take the form of:

Why does [PARTICULAR ASPECT] surface in [PARTICULAR WAY]? (order/causation/

analysis)

How does [PARTICULAR ELEMENT] modify [PARTICULAR PRACTICE/ANALYSIS/ UNDERSTANDING]?

To what extent does [ELEMENT 1] replace/change [ELEMENT B]? (order/causation/

analysis)

forget rules, obligations, your conscience, loyalty. a sense of the comonweal

Uber So What

desire words: "changes," "wants," "tries," "seeks," "redefines," "re-orders" "re-"

So What

The emphasis on speed with te emphasis on terror and panic changes our understanding of why this theory came into being: it is a response to a fast paced time in which doing what works will not address changes in other aspects of world, which is seen as ruleless and full of threat

Application

So What

This emphasis on morality changes our analysis of the value of disruption by suggesting that even when it is successful in business it ignores key values of community and compassion and those who are trained in it still seek other models of behavior.

The emphasis on panic and disorder in Jill Lepore's "The Disruption model reveals a surprising anomaly. While Lepore suggests that the idea of innovation had become the guiding way of doing business in the 1990s, she points out that recent developments may make this model less useful. Rather than leading to innovation and creating successful companies, disruption instead may be "devastating" to companies due to new political and technological factors.

The emphasis on lack of examination and hand picked case studies of disruption changes our analysis by suggesting it is not a very well theorized idea; practice wise mayvbe we should not trust it much

Data Collation

Anomaly:

fear, panic, devastation, terrorism

Binary : failure vs success

Collation: speed, change, rapid

So What

This pattern changes our analysis by suggesting that disruption does not actually happen often in companies: rather, companies find ways to retain their old practices and combine them with the new. .

So What

This emphasis on explanation of past events changes ourt understanding of the value of disruptive theory by suggesting it may be useful in saying why something happened, but not in helping make decisions abut what to do in future.

Application

So What: The anomaly of discussing education and journalism, particularly Harvard's founding, changes the practice of what disruption can be applied to. Even if it is valid with a business, other institutions, such as schools, require interaction and small numbers, meaning disruption should not be applied to them.

Application

The emphasis on ways in which what seems to be new i actually connected to past practices in Lepore's article reveals a contrast with the idea that theories of disruption can use the past to predict future. Lepore shows taht what sems to be a pattern of disruption so the past is left behind can actually be seen as strong compzanies making small changes and survising. Additionally, "new" companies are actually often formed by consolidating old companies.

The emphasis on morals reveals a connection of problems with disruption as a theory. While disruption values profit and outcomes, it ignores the moral dimension of actions.

In particular it encourages being ruthless and not thinking about larger communities. The emphasis on reading at the start and end of this article suggests that people seek out these moral values and form communities around them.

Application

The contrast between prediction and explanation reveals a contrast in ideas about what disruption does. While those who practice it claim that disruption can predict what will happen and thus shape business decisions, in actuality it can only retrospectively explain why certain businesses succeeded through failures, ignoring ones that don't fit the model.

Data Collation

In "The Disruption Machine," Jill Lepore demonstrates that the "gospel" of disruption arose from a specific historical time of great uncertainty, but argues that it should not be used as a guide to making decisions: she contrasts its explanatory power to its predictive power and questions its lack of morality.Lepore adds that the practice of business was changed by focusing management on planning for the unexpected rather than continuing to do what had worked. Additionally, she points out that this emphasis on explanation of past events changes our understanding of the value of disruptive theory by suggesting it may be useful in saying why something happened, but not in helping make decisions about what to do in future. She warns, however, that the emphasis on lack of examination and hand picked case studies of disruption changes our analysis by suggesting it is not a very well theorized idea; practice wise maybe we should not trust it much. She adds that the gospel of disruption suggests one should “forget rules, obligations, your conscience, loyalty. a sense of the comonweal,” basing this on a claim that even when disruption is successful in business it ignores key values of community and compassion and those who are trained in it still seek other models of behavior. Ultimately, Lepore wants to reassess ideas about the values of business planning.

Binary: Past vs future in disruption

collation: established, incremental, continuities, consolidation

Data Collation

prediction/future/action vs retropect/analyze/explain

history vs future

Data Collation

connection: morality, conscience, reading, values