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Bibliography

https://chem.libretexts.org/Core/Physical_and_Theoretical_Chemistry/Physical_Properties_of_Matter/Atomic_and_Molecular_Properties/Magnetic_Properties (various authors, November 15 2016)

http://chemistry.stackexchange.com/questions/14159/is-nacl-paramagnetic

(Caleb Brown, September 17, 2016)

http://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/conductivity-salinity-tds/

(Unknown, August 15, 2015)

https://www.nde-ed.org/EducationResources/CommunityCollege/MagParticle/Physics/MagneticMatls.htm

(Joshua Hunter, January 6 2017)

http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/magnetic/fluxmg.html

(David Konning, December 15 2015)

http://www1.lsbu.ac.uk/water/magnetic_electric_effects.html

(Alan Young, October 6 2014)

http://www.irm.umn.edu/hg2m/hg2m_b/hg2m_b.html

(Unknown, September 26 2016)

Areas of Improvement

For future experiments, the temperature of both the liquid and ambient temperature could be controlled to see if this also has an effect on the rate of flow. Also, a bigger and more powerful magnet can be used to get more significant results, specially since the differences between configurations in this experiment were so small (no more than a second).

  • Human reflexes: As you know, we used a stopwatch to record time, and it is not in any way linked to the burette. This means that every time we set up to perform a trial, we had to press start as soon as the liquid started going down. Since humans are not perfect, discrepancies between the time at which the flow starts and when the button is clicked may exist, therefore affecting the exactitude of the results.

Possible Errors

This experiment is not perfect. Here are some possible errors that could've influenced the final results:

  • Not exact burette rate of flow: as shown in the videos, the burette used for this experiment didn't allow to be set at the same exact rate for each trial, so we had to use the "blue thing" and try to be as precise as possible. Discrepancies, even small ones would mean incorrect times, therefore leading to wrong conclusions.

Applications

The applications to the real world this experiment has are greatly beneficial. If the effects magnetic fields can have in fresh water are understood, we can use this knowledge to build better aqueducts for cities or rural areas, as well as use magnets to to speed or slow the speed of a current if needed.

This experiment can also help to comprehend the effect of the Earth's giant magnetic field on ocean currents, and aid in the improvement of boat navigation or sea-life investigation.

Areas for further study

In the End...

Experiments can be performed using marine salt instead of table salt to simulate the effect earth's magnetic field has on sea and ocean currents. This experiment can also be done using tap water instead of distilled water to see how the different minerals in water we drink everyday react with a magnetic field.

Why?

The formulated hypothesis (saline solution with present magnetic field will take the longest to flow) was proven incorrect. The pure water with a present magnetic field was the one that took the longest to flow, with 12.98 seconds, followed by the saline solution with magnets which had 12.77 seconds of flow time. In third place came the saline solution without magnets, which took 11.75 seconds to flow, and in last place came the pure water without magnets, which took 11.49 seconds to flow.

The explanation to the why of these results is that the pure water's diamagnetism created a force repelling the water from the bottom of the burette, where the magnets were placed, making this configuration the one to take the longest to flow. The fact that the saline solution has paramagnetic properties means that its attracted to the bottom because of the magnetic field in there at a faster rate as the magnets were located in the bottom, meaning it would take less time to flow. The saline solution with no magnets is denser than the pure water, which means it has increased adhesion, making it take longer to flow than the regular water that has nothing to interfere with its flow.

Qualitative Observations

Trials 4, 5 and 6:

The only observation that can be called qualitative in this experiment was simply that saline solution has a more grayish, kind of dirtier color when it has just been prepared. You can also kind of see small particles of salt floating around. However this only lasts for about 3 minutes, after this saline solution is almost completely transparent. This was observed on February 7th, 2017 and didn't have any effect on the outcome of the experiment.

Results Summary

Trials 7, 8 and 9

Results

The results obtained from the experiment were the following: the configuration of water + magnets showed the slowest rate of flow (took the longest to flow out completely), saline solution + magnets was in a tight second place: only .21 milliseconds behind, then saline solution with no magnets and finally, in last place (the fastest flowing) was distilled water with no magnets.

15 trials were performed in total. Times in the charts are in seconds.

Trials 10, 11 and 12:

Trials 13, 14, 15 and average of all trials:

Trials 1,2 and 3:

Figure 1: Bar graph showing the results from trials 1-5

Figure 3: Bar graph showing the results from trials 11-15.

Figure 5: Bar graph showing the average time for all trials and all configurations. It can be observed that distilled water + magnets had the slowest flow rate and distilled water without magnets the quickest.

Figure 2: Bar graph showing the results from trials 6-10.

Figure 4: Bar graph showing the minimum times for each of the configurations. It can be observed that the highest minimum time was saline solution + magnets and the minimum distilled water with no magnets.

Figure 6: Bar graph showing the maximum times for each configuration. It can be observed that water + magnets took the most time to completely flow out and water without magnets the least.

In General

Question

How do magnetic fields affect currents of flowing water?

Our experiment consists of finding out if and how do magnetic fields affect currents of flowing water. To test this, we will use a burette in order to control the flow of water and make sure it is the same for all of the trials, magnets to create a magnetic field and distilled water. We are also going to test it using saline solution for comparison purposes.

Why?

This was the perfect project. We've always had a huge interest in magnets and their magnetic fields, and it intrigued us greately to know how these could affect the force of a moving corrent. Many Sci-fi movies involving magnetic fields got us thinking if this could possibly be true and we wanted to test it out for ourselves.

Topics and Facts

Key Words/Topics: Diamagnetism, Relative Permeability, Magnetic Flux.

Materials

Facts related to topics:

  • Every magnet is surrounded by a 3-dimensional invisible magnetic field.
  • Water is diamagnetic, which means it exerts a small magnetic field around itself.
  • Adding salt to water reduces water's diamagnetic properties, containing it's magnetic field.
  • Earth has a huge magnetic field called the magnetosphere.

The materials needed to perform this experiment are:

  • 400 milliliters of distilled water.
  • 20 milligrams of salt.
  • 3 beakers (with mesurements).
  • A burette (at least 20ml).
  • A measuring cup.
  • A stop watch.
  • Paper and pencil (for recording data).
  • 2 high power magnets.

Note: The amounts listed here are the minimum required, assuming absolutely no spillage and contamination of the liquids whilst performing the experiment. It is recommended to have a larger amount available during the experiment in case something goes wrong.

Safety Concerns

  • Handle glass equipment with care. If any of it breaks ask an adult to help you clean up.
  • DO NOT drink any of the liquids used during the experiment.
  • Handle the magnets with care as they are highly powered and can pose a hazard to life and limb.

Background Research

Variables

10. Pour the salt into the 200ml of distilled water and mix. You should now have 200ml of saline solution.

7. Write results in data table.

8. Place both magnets at the bottom of the burette. You can use a clamp or the attraction between magnets.

5. After making sure it is closed, pour 20ml of the water into the burette.

Procedure

Independent Variable: Magnetic Fields (wether they are present or not), Type of liquid (distilled water or saline solution).

Dependent Variable: Rate of flow of water/speed of water current.

Constants: The magnets, the adjustment of the burette, the amount of liquid, and ambient temperature.

Control Group: Distilled water with no magnets.

1. Gather all materials.

2. Create a data table: use it throughout the experiment to record times.

11. Repeat steps 5-12 using the saline solution. The data table for the first trial should now be filled out.

12. Repeat steps 1-11 for each trial you will perform.

13. Analyze data.

14. Draw Conclusions.

6. Open the burette to your previously set custom setting and using the stopwatch, record how much time it takes for the water to completely flow out.

9. Repeat steps 6-7, you can use the water on the beaker below the burette.

10. Remove the magnets from the burette.

12. Empty the beaker below the burette.

11. Fill another empty beaker with 200ml of distilled water.

12. Using a mesuring cup, measure 20ml of NaCI (table salt).

As it has been investigated, water is a substance that has diamagnetic properties, which means its molecular structure holds an even number of electrons. Diamagnetic substances are always slightly repelled by magnetic fields, as the parity in the molecule's electrons don't allow them to have dipole moments. Water has a very high magnetic permeability because of its diamagnetism. what this means is that water has an extremely high resistance of creating an internal magnetic field of its own when presented with an outside one.

Diamagnetism is an effect that occurs in all materials, but in magnetic substances the dipole moments' reaction with a magnetic field is much more strong than the diamagnetic effects of the substance.

3. Set up the experiment by placing a beaker under the burette so that liquid flowing out of it will be stored in the beaker. If the burette does not have a custom flow rate setting, set it now.

4. Pour 200ml of distilled water into another beaker.

Hypothesis

Background Research

If a flow of distilled water with salt (saline solution) encounters the influence of magnetic field then it will have a much slower rate of flow than it otherwise would if it had no salt and wasn't under the influence of a magnetic field, because the salt's conductivity and anions will make the saline solution react and be attracted to the magnets at the sides, causing it to flow slower than if the distilled water contained no salt and wasn't under the influence of a magnetic field, where there would be no interference at all.

Salt (NaCl) is a paramagnetic substance. Paramagnetic substances are those who react exclusively to an external magnetic field. In paramagnetic substances, most electrons are not paired, so when presented with an external magnetic field, their dipole moments become attracted to it. Paramagnetic fields often overcome diamagnetic fields, and are heavily attracted to any magnetic field.

Salt conductivity and the salt's ions increase the effect any magnetic field has if salt is mixed into a solution with any other substance.

How do Magnetic Fields affect the Rate of Flow of Water?

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