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•profuse watery diarrhea, sometimes described as “rice-water stools,”

•vomiting

•rapid heart rate

•loss of skin elasticity

•dry mucous membranes

•low blood pressure

•thirst

•muscle cramps

•restlessness or irritability

Swine Flu, Malaria, and Cholera

Malaria

  • Malaria is a disease that involves a parasite infecting the blood stream and destroying red blood cells
  • Parasite belongs to the genus Plasmodium. Speciesthat effect humans: P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, P. knowlesi
  • Malaria is a very old disease that has been around since ancient time. It is believed that Plasmodium first evolved in reptiles. Then the parasite probably evolved to infect birds, and then mammals.
  • Malaria needs warm temperatures in order to survive. Therefore, it is often found in very warm areas. Malaria is found mostly around the equator. Africa, India, and parts of South america and Asia are known to have cases of Malaria

Evan Brown, Madison Rex, Victoria Cobb

Cholera

an acute, diarrheal illness caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae

Cholera

Symptoms

Facts & Pictures

  • Cholera, caused by the bacteria Vibrio cholerae
  • occurs in many places including Africa, Southeast Asia, and Haiti.
  • raw or undercooked seafood may be a source of infection in areas where cholera is prevalent and sanitation is poor. Vegetables and fruit that have been washed with water contaminated by sewage may also transmit the infection if V. cholerae is present.
  • How does it spread:
  • Contaminated and availability of unsafe drinking-water
  • Poor personal hygiene
  • Poor food hygiene
  • Hygienic disposal of human excreta

Interesting Facts

Pictures

Treatment

This disease has an unusual "most spread" time of the year. While most viral infections are spread during the winter and cold months of spring, swine flu has a peak spreading time of April-May.

We still need a vaccine for this infection!

Actual "swine flu" is a respiratory disease found in pigs.

(where this disease got it's name)

This human "swine flu" is a mixture of the actual swine flu strain, bird flu, and asian human flu viruses.

How does it spread?

Swine flu is spread airborne. The best prevention against this disease is best prevented through normal virus preventions such as washing your hands.

Symptoms?

Fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose, headaches, vomiting, and diarrhea.

Treatment?

Normal flu antiviral drugs such as Tamiflu and Relenza are the most common treatments. However, most people recover from the swine flu without any treatment.

Controlling the spread?

Treatment of cholera consists mainly in replacement of lost fluids and salts. The use of oral rehydration salts (ORS) is the quickest and most efficient way of doing this. Most people recover in 3 to 6 days. If the infected person becomes severely dehydrated, intravenous fluids can be given. Antibiotics are not necessary to successfully treat a cholera patient.

  • 75% of people who have contracted cholera show little or no symptoms of the disease
  • Epidemic cholera would not likely occur in the USA or other developed nations because of the presence of adequate sewage systems and the availability of clean, safe water to drink ....but the non-epidemic strains pop up every so often usually linked to uncooked shellfish from the Gulf of Mexico.

Malaria

Prevention

Controlling the spread of swine flu is the same as almost any other viral infections. Washing your hands, avoid close contact with an infected person, avoiding touching your nose, mouth, eyes, etc., and even wearing a facemask around others if you know you are infected.

Symptoms:

  • Drink and use safe water
  • wash your hands frequently with soap and safe water
  • dispose of waste properly
  • cook food well
  • clean frequently

Fever and flu-like illness, shaking chills, headache, muscle aches, tiredness, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. Malaria may cause anemia and yellow coloring of the skin and eyes, because of the loss of red blood cells. If not promptly treated, the infection can become severe and may cause kidney failure, seizures, mental confusion, coma, and death.

Prevention:

Spread of Malaria

There is no vaccine for Malaria. However, there are many effective antimalarial drugs available. A doctor can decide on the best drug for each person based on travel plans, medical history, age, drug allergies, pregnancy status, and other factors. Malaria can also be prevented through using mosquito nets.

People get malaria by being bitten by an infective female Anopheles mosquito. Only Anopheles mosquitoes can transmit malaria and they must have been infected through a previous blood meal taken from an infected person. When a mosquito bites an infected person, a small amount of blood is taken in which contains microscopic malaria parasites. When the mosquito takes its next blood meal, these parasites mix with the mosquito's saliva and are injected into the person being bitten.

Because the malaria parasite is found in red blood cells, malaria can also be transmitted through blood transfusion, organ transplant, or the shared use of needles or syringes contaminated with blood.

Treatment:

Malaria should be treated early in its course before it becomes life threatening. alaria can be cured with prescription drugs. The type of drugs and length of treatment depend on the type of malaria, where the person was infected, their age, whether they are pregnant, and how sick they are at the start of treatment.

Methods to Prevent the Spread of Malaria

Swine Flu

  • Indoor Residual Spraying- involves coating the walls and other surfaces of a house with a residual insecticide
  • Insecticide-Treated Bed Nets- are a form of personal protection that has been shown to reduce malaria illness, severe disease, and death due to malaria in endemic regions.
  • Larval Control- eliminating the larval stages of mosquitoes before they reach the stage where they can transmit malaria
  • Mass Drug Administration- the treatment of the entire population in a geographic area with a curative dose of an antimalarial drug without first testing for infection and regardless of the presence of symptoms. (could cause drug resistance)

Swine flu is a viral inection(caused by a virus).

Swine flu is scientifically called H1N1. This virus originated in pigs, and then mutated into a disease that infected humans. Swine flu was new to humans in 2009, and affected mostly younger people. Swine flu is found in every country that has pigs in it, but has became prevalent in humans mainly in North America.

Swine Flu

Thank You!

Fun Facts About Malaria

On average, 1,500 cases of malaria are reported every year in the United States, even though malaria has been eliminated from this country since the early 1950's.

3.3 billion people live in areas at risk of malaria transmission in 106 countries and territories.

Cholera

Relation to El Nino

  • The bacteria behind cholera tends to grow in swampy, brackish water, the kind found throughout the country of Bangladesh in particular. A group of scientists there compared hospital records to the waxing and waning of El Niño over 18 years. They found that cholera rates tend to go up each fall, but especially after an El Niño gets under way.
  • El Niño tends to suppress the usual monsoon rains across southeast Asia. This allows the coastal swamps to warm up more than usual, helping cholera to thrive.

source: http://www.weathernotebook.org/transcripts/2000/11/28.html

Swine Flu

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