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Skeletal
Muscle
Structure
http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/notes/muscular.htm
http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20j%20%20muscle%20contraction.htm
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Illu_muscle_structure.jpg
http://www.pradeepluther.com/pklwork19may02/images/Sarcomere_diagram.jpg
Pearson A.P. BIology textbook
6. Myosin crossbridges (with attached ATP) bind to actin which triggers the crossbridges to bend, pulling the thin filament towards the H-zone, shortening the sarcomere (ADP is released).
7. Another ATP attaches to myosin causing it to release the actin, the crossbridges attach further down on actin and keep pulling as long as there is Ca2+ and ATP available.
8. When ATP stops, sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps Ca2+ back in (using more ATP) and with the Ca2+ gone, the troponin allows the tropomyosin to cover actin’s binding sites. An ATP molecule attaches to myosin allowing it to release the actin.
1. The nerve signal (action potential) travels to synaptic end bulb of the motor neuron and crosses the neuromuscular junction.
2. Synaptic vesicles release Acetylcholine which diffuses to muscle and lands on Acetylcholine receptor proteins
3. Acetylcholine receptors begin an action potential and it spreads across sarcolemma. The receptors continue producing the action potential until Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh. The action potential spreads along sarcolemma and goes deep within the muscles via transverse tubules.
4. AP passes the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ which diffuses to the thin filaments.
5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, causes it to change shape and pull off actin’s binding sites in thin filament
promiscuous mating: mating with no strong pair-bonds
monogamous mating: one male mating with one female
polygamous mating: an individual of one sex mating with several of the other
mate-choice copying: individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others
Game theory is the evaluation of alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all the
individuals involved, based on rational decision-making from all individuals, examining potential outcomes.
imprinting: the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object
sensitive period: also known as critical period, limited developmental period when imprinting can occur
spatial learning: establishment of memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure, enhancing fitness
cognitive map: a representation in the nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings
associative learning: the ability to associate one environmental feature with another
social learning: learning through observing others
cognition: the process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment
problem solving: the cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed to one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles
learning: the modification of behavior based on specific experiences
What stimulus elicits behavior+what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?
How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?
How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?
What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?
Important Vocabulary:
fixed action patterns: a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus
sign stimulus: external cue/trigger for a fixed action pattern
migration: a regular, long-distance change in location
signal: a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another
communication: the transmission and reception of signals between individuals (visual, chemical, tactile, auditory)
pheromones: chemicals released as odors or tastes as a means of communication (esp for mating or alarm system)
Definition: active travel from place to place
Larger animals are more efficient with locomotion than smaller animals and efficient energy use leads to increased evolutionary fitness.
Movement is created by back and forth motion from antagonistic muscles.
thin filaments: consist of two strands of actin and two strands of a regulatory protein coiled around each other, made of actin, tropomyosin (a regulatory protein), and troponin (troponin complex: a set of regulatory proteins)
thick filaments: staggered arrays of myosin molecules
sarcomere: basic contractile unit of a muscle, the borders are lined up in adjacent myofibrils and contribute to the striated pattern
sliding-filament model: the filaments do not change length but the thin and thick filaments slide past each other, ncreasing their overlap
transverse (T) tubules: infoldings of the plasma membrane/sarcolemma
sarcoplasmic reticulum: a specialized endoplasmic reticulum, close contact with T tubules
myosin: "tail" attaches to other myosin tails, forming the thick filament, globular "head" can hydrolyze ATP and bind to actin, approximately 350 heads of a thick filament form and reform 5 crossbrdiges per second
Flying's biggest obstacle is gravity so animals with the ability to fly also have a sleek fusiform with large, air-filled bones.
With swimming drag and friction are the biggest obstacles which have led to evolution of sleek fusiforms of water dwelling animals.
Animals need support against gravity so many are vertebrates with strong muscles.
Evolution of Genomes Prezi: https://prezi.com/saqwlpkljhwp/evolution-of-genomes/