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Chapters 50.5, 50.6& 51.1-.3

Types of Muscles

Skeletal

Muscle

Structure

Animal Support, Movement Systems, and Animal Behavior

http://www.highlands.edu/academics/divisions/scipe/biology/faculty/harnden/2121/notes/muscular.htm

http://legacy.owensboro.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/notes/api%20notes%20j%20%20muscle%20contraction.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/89/Illu_muscle_structure.jpg

http://www.pradeepluther.com/pklwork19may02/images/Sarcomere_diagram.jpg

Pearson A.P. BIology textbook

6. Myosin crossbridges (with attached ATP) bind to actin which triggers the crossbridges to bend, pulling the thin filament towards the H-zone, shortening the sarcomere (ADP is released).

7. Another ATP attaches to myosin causing it to release the actin, the crossbridges attach further down on actin and keep pulling as long as there is Ca2+ and ATP available.

8. When ATP stops, sarcoplasmic reticulum pumps Ca2+ back in (using more ATP) and with the Ca2+ gone, the troponin allows the tropomyosin to cover actin’s binding sites. An ATP molecule attaches to myosin allowing it to release the actin.

Muscle Action Overview

1. The nerve signal (action potential) travels to synaptic end bulb of the motor neuron and crosses the neuromuscular junction.

2. Synaptic vesicles release Acetylcholine which diffuses to muscle and lands on Acetylcholine receptor proteins

3. Acetylcholine receptors begin an action potential and it spreads across sarcolemma. The receptors continue producing the action potential until Acetylcholinesterase breaks down ACh. The action potential spreads along sarcolemma and goes deep within the muscles via transverse tubules.

4. AP passes the sarcoplasmic reticulum and the sarcoplasmic reticulum releases Ca2+ which diffuses to the thin filaments.

5. Ca2+ binds to troponin, causes it to change shape and pull off actin’s binding sites in thin filament

Chapter 51

Animal Behavior

51.3: Selection for individual survival and reproductive success can explain most behaviors

51.2 Learning establishes specific links between experience behavior and innate behavior

51.1 Discrete sensory inputs can stimulate both simple and complex behaviors

Types of Mating

promiscuous mating: mating with no strong pair-bonds

monogamous mating: one male mating with one female

polygamous mating: an individual of one sex mating with several of the other

mate-choice copying: individuals in a population copy the mate choice of others

Game Theory

Game theory is the evaluation of alternative strategies in situations where the outcome depends on the strategies of all the

individuals involved, based on rational decision-making from all individuals, examining potential outcomes.

Types of Learning

imprinting: the formation at a specific stage in life of a long-lasting behavioral response to a particular individual or object

sensitive period: also known as critical period, limited developmental period when imprinting can occur

spatial learning: establishment of memory that reflects the environment’s spatial structure, enhancing fitness

cognitive map: a representation in the nervous system of the spatial relationships between objects in an animal’s surroundings

associative learning: the ability to associate one environmental feature with another

social learning: learning through observing others

Chapter 50

cognition: the process of knowing that involves awareness, reasoning, recollection, and judgment

problem solving: the cognitive activity of devising a method to proceed to one state to another in the face of real or apparent obstacles

learning: the modification of behavior based on specific experiences

Questions of Behavioral Ecology

Behavioral ecology is the study of ecological and evolutionary basis for animal behavior.

What stimulus elicits behavior+what physiological mechanisms mediate the response?

How does the animal’s experience during growth and development influence the response?

How does the behavior aid survival and reproduction?

What is the behavior’s evolutionary history?

Sensory and Motor Mechanisms

Alex Thayer and Celina Chow

Important Vocabulary:

fixed action patterns: a sequence of unlearned acts directly linked to a simple stimulus

sign stimulus: external cue/trigger for a fixed action pattern

migration: a regular, long-distance change in location

signal: a stimulus transmitted from one animal to another

communication: the transmission and reception of signals between individuals (visual, chemical, tactile, auditory)

pheromones: chemicals released as odors or tastes as a means of communication (esp for mating or alarm system)

Locomotion

50.6 Skeletal systems transform muscle contraction into locomotion

Definition: active travel from place to place

Larger animals are more efficient with locomotion than smaller animals and efficient energy use leads to increased evolutionary fitness.

Movement is created by back and forth motion from antagonistic muscles.

50.5 The physical interaction of protein filaments is required for muscle function

Key Vocab

thin filaments: consist of two strands of actin and two strands of a regulatory protein coiled around each other, made of actin, tropomyosin (a regulatory protein), and troponin (troponin complex: a set of regulatory proteins)

thick filaments: staggered arrays of myosin molecules

sarcomere: basic contractile unit of a muscle, the borders are lined up in adjacent myofibrils and contribute to the striated pattern

sliding-filament model: the filaments do not change length but the thin and thick filaments slide past each other, ncreasing their overlap

transverse (T) tubules: infoldings of the plasma membrane/sarcolemma

sarcoplasmic reticulum: a specialized endoplasmic reticulum, close contact with T tubules

myosin: "tail" attaches to other myosin tails, forming the thick filament, globular "head" can hydrolyze ATP and bind to actin, approximately 350 heads of a thick filament form and reform 5 crossbrdiges per second

Locomotion in the Air

Locomotion in Water

Flying's biggest obstacle is gravity so animals with the ability to fly also have a sleek fusiform with large, air-filled bones.

Locomotion on Land

With swimming drag and friction are the biggest obstacles which have led to evolution of sleek fusiforms of water dwelling animals.

Animals need support against gravity so many are vertebrates with strong muscles.

Evolution of Genomes Prezi: https://prezi.com/saqwlpkljhwp/evolution-of-genomes/

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