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Transcript

Why this Theory? Why Now?

The Theorists

Three theorists with three different experiences came together to jointly study the Theory of Chronic sorrow in

1989. In doing so they establish the Nursing Consortium for Research on Chronic Sorrow (NCRC) for there study.

In 1962 Olaski first discussed chronic sorrow in relation to parents of children with mental retardation.

Propositions

Where did the

Theory

come from?

Chronic sorrow is a cyclical in nature and periodically occur anytime during one’s life. This can occur whenever a disparity is brought to ones attention by a trigger event. Sorrow is permanent due to the fact nature of the loss prevents closure, which causes pervasive, periodic re-experiencing of feelings of loss. Reasons for disparity are perceptions of life and health, idealized vs actual reality and social context, how people view them self’s compared to social norms. For people with chronic illness the trigger is often occurs when they experience disparity within accepted norms and for families and caregivers this can be triggered by disparity in milestones compared to the accepted norm. For individuals with chronic illness, chronic sorrow is most often triggered when the individual experiences disparity with accepted norms.

Georgene Eakes

A Car accident in 1970's lead her to a hospitalization where she realized that healthcare professionals did not understand the grief reaction and where not well prepared to care for patients facing death. This experience would led her to do research in this area. After study the grief reaction in chronic iliness and in life threatening events she established a support group for individuals with cancer and their significant others and co-facilitated the support group.In listening to lecture given by Mary Burke on chronic sorrow experienced by mothers of children with myelomeningocele she saw correlations in the grief reactions expressed by her cancer support group members.

Mary L. Burke

While in clinical for her master program she noticed similarities between the emotions expressed by parents of children with spina bifida and Olshansky's definition of chronic sorrow. She then wrote her master thesis's : "The Concerns of Mothers with Pre-school Children with Myelomeningocele". and created the Burke Chronic Sorrow Questionnaire. She presented at the Sigma Theta Tau International Research Congress in Taipei, Taiwan where she captured the interest of her Eakes and Hainsworth.  

Margaret Hainsworth

She wrote her dissertation on the concepts of sorrow after she saw was a facilitator for a support group for women with Multiple Sclerosis. The dissertation wass entitled "An Ethnographic Study of Women with Multiple Sclerosis Using Symbolic Interaction Approach and she Presented at the National Consortium for Research on Chronic Sorrow.

Theory of Chronic Sorrow

Critique

Trigger Eventsand Miestones

Concepts of the Theory

Concepts continued

Management Methods

Trigger Events:

A situation, circumstance, or condition that brings the negative disparity resulting from the loss into focus or exacerbates the disparity

  • Milestones can remind parents that the child is different and they are not developing at is as viewed as "normal"
  • Social - Birthdays, anniversaries or special occasions that bring back memories'
  • Personal - Affects the chronically ill and caregivers , for the chronicaly realaizing you may never be able to do activitied that you once did and for the caregiver realization of the long term care required by the patient

Internal Management Methods - are personal coping strategies used by the patient/family member/caregiver. Eakes, et. al (1998)

  • Hobbies
  • Exercise
  • Talking with friends
  • Focus on the positive
  • Turning to ones religion for support
  • Having a good cry

Concepts continued

Concepts of the Theory

Chronic sorrow: Periodic recurrence of permanent,

pervasive, sadness or other grief-related feelings associated with ongoing disparity resulting from a loss experience

Antecedents:

Loss experience: A significant loss, either actual or symbolic, that may be ongoing with no predictable end or a more circumscribed single loss event

Disparity: A gap between the current reality and the desired reality as a result of a loss experience

Assumptions of the Theory

External Management Methods - Professionals provide supportive interventions based on the belief that chronic sorrow is a normal response to a significant loss situation. They have been defined as interventions that professionals can do to help families cope.

  • Counseling from a professional
  • Support Groups
  • Teachers as experts
  • Medications

The Theory of Chronic Sorrow provides:

  • an explanation of how people respond to ongoing loss and
  • clearly defined loss. It is a framework for understanding the responses to various types of loss situations.
  • evidence based coping strategies that have proven effective in managing chronic sorrow

The theory emphasizes that chronic sorrow is a normal human response to significant loss. It is a common and predictable human loss response.

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