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Leadership

Ethics

Leader: Ethical behavior is required from leaders as they have large influence over followers and the ethical culture of the organization

Follower: Needs are met by ethical leaders though their active role is not well-defined

Context: Ethical principles remain the same but may recommend different behaviors from leaders depending on the situation

Process: Leaders can grow in ethics through practice and experience

Outcomes: Care for followers and improvement of community within organization

Context

Table of Contents

Trait

Behavioral

Leaders are born not

developed

What do leaders do?

Leader: Leaders possess certain in-born traits that predispose them to succeed in leadership roles.

Follower: Not concerned with follower

Context: asdf Solely concerned with leader, Stogdill noted importance of situation in 70's

Process: asdf Leaders are defined by their innate traits, influence is one-way, leader influences follower

Outcomes: asdf More common leader traits result in better outcomes, but not specific about what those are

Leader: Leader behavior boils down to two different types, task and relationship behaviors, which occur on independent continua, resulting in several types of leadership

Follower: Focuses on follower just to the extent that leaders build can build relationships with them

Context: There is no single "optimal" leadership style for every situation, different styles are required for different groups, problems, etc.

Process: Relationship building between leader and follower is a result of the extent of the relational behavior the leader exhibits

Outcomes: Task completion and relational cohesion result based on the amount each type of behavior is performed

Leader

Situational

Leader: Adjusts to competence and commitment of followers to solve problems and maximize production

Follower: Communicate with leader to help leader adjust behavior to suit the situation, experience change in competence and commitment

Context: The competence and commitment of the follower determine the leadership style, as context changes over time, so does the required behavior

Process: Follower changes over time as a result of their experiences and the leader must change to meet new needs as they are presented

Outcomes: Development of motivation and expertise in followers

Skills

Leader: Leaders must possess and/or develop capabilities that make effective leadership possible

Follower: Not concerned with follower

Context: Experiences and environmental factors influence skill development in leaders

Process: Leader possesses skills and exerts influence over followers, nothing about reciprocation

Outcomes: Development of followers and better performance, development of leaders based on experiences

  • 3 Trait
  • 5 Skills
  • 7 Behavioral
  • 10 Transformational
  • 12 Authentic
  • 14 Servant
  • 16 Adaptive
  • 18 Situational
  • 20 Path-Goal
  • 23 LMX
  • 26 Leadership Ethics
  • 28 Team Leadership
  • 30 Gender and Leadership
  • 32 Culture and Leadership

The Leadership

Process

Culture and Leadership

Leader: Universal traits of good and bad leadership identified by GLOBE project

Follower: Followers from different cultures value different qualities in leaders to an extent

Context: The culture in which people live and are raised affects what is required for and viewed as effective leadership

Process: As qualities viewed as effective for leaders vary, exercise of influence also varies

Outcomes: Remain similar to those described by other theories, but the application of those theories must be adjusted to fit the culture

Path-Goal

Gender and Leadership

Leader: Women are underrepresented in leadership due to a variety of factors, called leadership labyrinth

Follower: Discusses the difference in perceptions of male and female leaders from followers, women seen as more communal and men as agentic

Context: Prejudice exists in many corporate environments that make leadership positions less available/hospitable to women

Process: Through concerted effort women can become more appropriately represented in leadership and harmful gender stereotypes can be broken down

Outcomes: Increased presence of women will lead to better representation for all members of groups in leadership, will also increase development of future female leaders

Leader: Behaviors should select behaviors based on both follower and task characteristics to better define path for followers to reach desired goal; behavior types are: directive, supportive, participative, and achievement-oriented

Follower: Interpretation of leader's behaviors is dependent on follower' needs, preferences, desires, and perceived abilities

Context: Focuses on both the task and follower characteristics

Process: Leader behaviors must adjust with time to meet changing follower and task characteristics

Outcomes: Follower experiences increase in motivation and is better equipped to reach goal

Team Leadership

Leader: Leadership roles can be distributed between team members to maximize team effectiveness

Follower: Assumes leader roles in some points but must adjust to follow in different scenarios

Context: Leadership interventions may be necessary to solve team problems as situations change

Process: As appropriate action is taken by leadership, the team is better prepared to reach its goal

Outcomes: Team effectiveness, increased performance and development

Follower

LMX

Leader: Focused equally on leader and follower and the exchanges between them

Follower: Considers interactions between leader and follower the relationship over time

Context: Leader-follower relationship can be very formal or informal depending on the quality of past exchanges

Process: Leader-follower relationship interactions affect the quality of future exchanges between the two

Outcomes: Increased job satisfaction, trust between leader and follower, and job performance

Behavioral/Style Theories

Adaptive

Transformational

Leader: Facilitates holding environment where followers can grow and change to face challenges

Follower: Reforms thoughts, opinions, and beliefs in environment created by leader

Context: Leadership must fit the challenge at hand, technical, adaptive, or a combination of the two

Process: Heavy focus on the process of change in the follower over time to better face the future

Outcomes: Internal attitude changes in the follower that can be difficult to identify externally

Leader: Focused on the behavior and traits of the leader and the impact on followers over time

Follower: Experiences increase in motivation and morality based on interactions with leader

Context: Leader relationship with follower leads to transformation over time, relationship described with 4 I's

Process: Leader exerts influence on follower, slight reciprocation may occur

Outcomes: Increases in morality and motivation in followers based on leader characteristics and behavior

*First theory from class to bring context into play as major factor in leadership

Servant

Authentic

Leader: Serves followers first, leads second

Follower: Is served by the leader, and grows as a result

Context: Leaders' efforts must adjust to meet specific needs of individual followers

Process: Leader affects follower over time, preparing them to better face future challenges

Outcomes: Followers become wiser, freer, more autonomous, healthier, and more likely to be servant leaders themselves

Leader: Concerned with authenticity of the leader and that they do what is right for the follower

Follower: Somewhat concerned with the impact that an authentic leader has on followers

Context: With focus on authenticity, leader-follower relationship is informal and honest, follower reciprocates leader's honesty and authenticity

Process: Development of authentic leadership is a lifelong process, leader changes in authenticity based on life experiences

Outcomes: Followers grow in morality and ethical reasoning based on leader's behavior

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