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Medieval Blast Furnaces
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Transcript
Reaction process
- Pure iron has melting point of 1538° C. Heat from the furnace results in rapid uptake into the iron, which lowered the melting point.
- 2C+O2->2CO
- Fe2O3+3CO->2Fe+3CO2
- CaCO3->CaO+CO2
- CaO+SiO2->CaSiO3
Cast iron to wrought iron
Why blast furnaces?
- Pig iron is transported to a second furnace called a finery
- Two tuyeres - one for the fire, and one to blow on the iron
- Oxygen combined with the carbon in the iron and blew off as smoke, leaving wrought iron
- Increased iron production
- Production of cast iron - very strong
- Cast iron is useful for producing firearms and more durable implements
Iron retrieval, waste disposal
Influence on medieval life
Blast Furnace Construction
Furnace charge and fuel
Air-blowing devices
Blast furnace development
- Erected in pits 120-150 cm deep
- Length: 105-150 cm
- Width: 35-65 cm
- Height: Up to 200 cm
- Non-iron components (clay, sand, limestone) floats to the top as slag and is periodically removed.
- Iron sinks to the bottom and drains out of the furnace.
Blast Furnaces
- Charcoal or coke are used for fuel
- Charge consists of sand, clay, ore, and limestone (as flux)
- Flux acts as a medium for consolidation of metal particles and protection from oxidation
- Fuel and charge are arranged in layers.
- Increased weapon production, war enabler
- Increased economic productivity
- "The new system produced much more iron with much less labor, reducing cost and multiplying applications."
- Between 8 and 11 small tubes on each side, with internal diameters from 2.5 - 4 cm
- Enter chamber walls at roughly 100 cm above the floor, and exit at an angle of 45-50°
- Waterwheels were often used to operate the bellows
- Arose from attempts to expand furnace capacity
- Improved air supply meant hotter temperatures and faster carbon uptake
- Carbon uptake lowered the iron's melting point
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