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The Scientific Revolution and Examples
Unit 4 Task
The legislative houses of France
The Estate System
Louis XIV v. Peter the Great
Peter the Great gained his name and entered the world history as a person, who has pushed Russia through the number of changes that led the country to become one of the most powerful European countries. Peter the Great (1672 – 1725) was a Russian leader of the 17th century, famous for transforming Russia into a leading European power. His supremacy can be displayed by a power symbol. He was the one to introduce modernization into the medieval country and the founder of the whole big new city.
The best known system is the Old Regime, a three-estate system used until the French Revolution (1789–1799). Monarchy was for the king and the queen and this system was made up of clergy (the First Estate), nobles (the Second Estate), and commoners (the Third Estate). The first two estates combined only made up around 4% of the population, but still received 2/3 of the vote. They used this power to hold down the third estate. This made the commoners mad to the point that they fought back, and the French Revolution took shape. The revolution helped equal out these powers and lower taxes, which was very important for the people.
Absolute monarchy in France slowly emerged in the 16th century and became firmly established during the 17th century. In France, Louis XIV was the most famous exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French political and cultural life during his reign. The final outcome of his actions centralized the authority of France behind the king. The replacement of government ministers, removal of castles, and other financial polices of Colbert did reduce French national debt considerably. In the 18th century, however, the relocation of nobles and the sheer obsolescence of Versailles became an important place for a rising merchant class and an instigative press.
"The Legislative Assembly was the legislature of France from October 1, 1791 to September 20, 1792. This was during the years of the French Revolution. It provided the focus of political debate and revolutionary law-making between the periods of the National Constituent Assembly and of the National Convention."
Clyde Tinnen
https://prime-essay.org/blog/academic-assistance/peter-the-great-and-his-absolute-monarchy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy_in_France
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)
Key Events in Stage 1 & 2 of the French Revolution
The first stage of the French Revolution was a moderate phase, when the absolutist monarchy was transformed into a constitutional monarchy. This period debated what should be the role of a monarchy and the aristocracy within a new system. The second phase tried to change the revolution to be more radical, but eventually it turned into bloodbath. The leadership executed many people during the Reign of Terror, if they were anything but radical. The most significant representative of this time was Robespierre.
Constitutionalism v. Absolutism
https://quizlet.com/38792181/enlightenment-and-french-revolution-flash-cards/
The Philosophes and their ideas
The Old Regime
The old regime was the political and social system of the Kingdom of France from the Late Middle Ages until 1792. This occurred after the hereditary monarchy and the feudal system were abolished by the French Revolution.
“Absolute monarchy, or despotic monarchy, is a form of monarchy in which one ruler has supreme authority and where that authority is not restricted by any written laws, legislature, or customs. These are often, but not always, hereditary monarchies. In contrast, in constitutional monarchies, the head of state's authority derives from and is legally bounded or restricted by a constitution or legislature.”
“Constitutionalism is ‘a complex of ideas, attitudes, and patterns of behavior elaborating the principle that the authority of government derives from and is limited by a body of fundamental law’. Political organizations are constitutional to the extent that they ‘contain institutionalized mechanisms of power control for the protection of the interests and liberties of the citizenry, including those that may be in the minority’.”
Voltaire - Although he made powerful enemies, he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religious belief and freedom of speech.
Montesquieu - He came up with ideas about separation of powers and checks and balances.
Rosseau - He was passion about individual freedom, and his ideas inspired some leaders of the French Revolution.
Beccaria - He focused his thoughts and ideas on affecting the justice system.
Wollstoncraft - She fought for equal rights between women and men. She argued that women need education to become virtuous and useful.
EQ 1 through 8
and LT 1 through 5
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime
Radicalism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constitutionalism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_monarchy
Shortly after the 1789, a group called the Radicals came to power. Led by Robespierre, they wanted to abolish the French Monarchy. They were part of the National Assembly. Also, they created a period called the Reign of Terror.
https://quizlet.com/12310837/discuss-the-role-of-the-radicals-in-the-french-revolution-also-mention-napoleons-role-and-how-that-impacted-america-flash-cards/
Science v the Church
John Locke
The Scientific Revolution and Examples
The Reign of Terror
John Locke was an English philosopher and physician. He was regarded as one of the most influential Enlightenment thinkers. Commonly known as the "Father of Liberalism", he was also considered one of the first of the British empiricists.
The relationship between the Roman Catholic Church and science is a widely debated subject. Historically, the Church has often been a patron of sciences. It has been prolific in the foundation of schools, universities and hospitals, and many clergy have been active in the sciences. Historians of science credit medieval Catholic mathematicians and philosophers as the founders of modern science.
Several historians consider the "reign of terror" to have begun in 1793, while some consider it to have begun in 1792, or even 1789. But, there is a general consensus that it ended with the fall of Robespierre in July 1794.
Between June 1793 and the end of July 1794, there were 16,594 official death sentences in France. However, the total number of deaths in France was much higher, because of deaths in imprisonment, suicide and casualties in foreign and civil war.
The scientific revolution is a concept used by historians to describe the emergence of modern science during the early modern period, when developments in mathematics, physics, astronomy, biology and chemistry transformed the views of society about nature. The scientific revolution took place in Europe towards the end of the Renaissance period and continued through the late 18th century, influencing the intellectual social movement known as the Enlightenment. One example of something discovered during this period is, the Heliocentric theory. This theory changed the idea, everything revolves around the earth (geocentric theory), to the idea that everything revolves around the sun.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Locke