A Timeline of the Theories on the Origin of the Universe

develops the first accurate model of lunar motion

Arab astronomer and engineer Ibn al-Shatir refines and improves

the accuracy of the geocentric Ptolemaic model

2nd Century

CE

Heliocentric Universe

2nd century A.D.

Ptolemic

Universe

3rd

century BCE

11th century

The Greek astronomer Hipparchus of Nicea makes the first measurement of the precession of the equinoxes, and compiles the first star catalogue

he describes a force of attraction between the Sun and the Earth.

The Arab polymath Alhazen a.k.a Ibn al-Haytham

first to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model of the Solar System

Medieval and RenaissanceWorld

first to apply the scientific method to astronomy

Greek Astronomer &

Mathematician Aristarchus of Samos was the first to present an explicit argument for a heliocentric model

Persian

polymath Omar Khayyam demonstrates that the Earth revolves on its axis, bringing into view different star constellations throughout the night and day. He also calculated the solar year as 365.24219858156 days (correct to six decimal places)

A Timeline of

the Theories on the

Origin of the Universe

Abrahamic

Universe

The Roman-Egyptian mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) describes a geocentric model, based on aristotelian ideas.

6th Century

CE

Persian astronomer Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni describes the Earth's gravitation as the attraction of all things towards the centre of

the Earth

3rd Century BCE

stationary earth

Stoic Universe

• The sun is at the center while the Earth is rotating daily and revolving yearly around the sun

Medieval Christian, Muslim, & Jewish Scholars put forward the Idea of Universe Which was finite. Christian Philosopher, John Philiponus of Alexandria was first to argue that the universe was finite - therefore had a beginning.

Partially Heliocentric Universe

• Stoic philosophers of ancient Greece believed that the universe is like a giant living body

15th-16th Century

CE

• leading part being the stars & the sun in which all parts are interconnected

Indian astronomer Brahmagupta recognizes gravity as a force of attraction in his "The Opening of the Universe" of 628

7th Century

Somayaji Nilakantha of KeralSchool of astronomy & Mathematician in Southern India developed a computational System

described a geocentric universe

4th

century BCE

Aristotelian Universe

Aristotle

Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, & Saturn orbited the sun which in

turn orbited the Earth

• geocentric universe in which fixed, spherical earth as at the center surrounded by cocentric celestial spheres of planets & stars & four classical elements of fire, air, earth, & water

1543

Copernican Universe

Atomic

Universe

5th century BCE

• ACTED BY TWO FORCES: Gravity & Levity

Greek philosophers

Leucippus &

Democritus

• universe was composed of very small, indivisible, & indestructible building blocks known as atoms

Polish AStronomer

Nicolas Copernicus

adapted the

Geocentric Maragha

of Ibn al-Shatir

to meet the requirements of the Heliocentrism

Ancient World

• composed of different shapes & combinations that have different arrangements

15th century BCE

• eternal atoms & infinite void

Primordial Universe

first to formulate a kind of molecular theory of matter

Greek Philosopher

ANAXAGORAS

• State of cosmos was a

primordial mixture of all ingredients

as time pass by, theories and ideas change. Scientists would do different experiments and different scientific methods. Ideas Vary from different cultures. Technology weren't that innovated to actually prove theories. People only believed because of authority. All of this became a foundation and it gave people something to begin with.

Ancient Babylonian tablets first show the distinction between the moving planets and the “fixed” stars and its movements

• Set in motion by "nous"/mind - whirling motion shifted & separated ultimately producing cosmos of separate material objects

contains elements for life to begin with

Cyclical or Oscillating

Universe

15th century BCE

Hindu text "RIGVEDA"

a cyclical/oscillating universe in which a "cosmic egg" / brahmada contains the universe expands out of a bindu before subsequently collapsing

again

reminiscent of the much later Big Bang and oscillating universe theories.

1605

early

modern World

German mathematician and

astronomer Johannes Kepler is known for

his three Laws of Planetary Motion based on his works Astronomia nova, Harmonices Mundi, and Epitome of Copernican Astronomy.

his works provided one of the foundations for Isaac Newton's theory of universal gravitation.

1610

1984

- 1986

1983

multiverse

string

theory

Galileo Galilei,

an italian matrhematian physicist,

developed a telescope that is strong enough to

identify moons in another planet like jupiter including the sunspots on the sun and also the different phases of mercury that later on helped different scientists support them.

1632

Newton later used the works of kepler

to conclude his own laws of motion &

law of universal gravitation

a theory which postulates the fundamental ingredients of the universe

russian american physicist, andrei linde, developed the inflation theory with his own cosmic inflation theory. - universe is one of the many "bubbles" that grew.

he then describes the

principle of relativity the idea that

the fundamental laws of physics are the

same in all inertial frames and that, purely by observing the outcome of mechanical experiments, one cannot distinguish

a state of rest from a state of

constant velocity.

Cartesian Vortex Universe

mid-seventeenth Century

French Philosopher

Rene Descartes outlined a model with many of the characteristics of Newton's static, infinite universe

steady state

universe

• the vacuum of space was not entirely empty at all but was filled with matter that swirled around large and small vortices

big bang theory

inflationary epoch

formation of the universe

formation of the basic elements

radiation era

matter domination

birth of stars and galaxies

1929

• his model involved a system of huge swirling whirlpools of fine matter - gravitational effects

English astronomer Fred

Hoyle and the Austrians Thomas

Gold and Hermann Bondi propose a non-standard cosmology

1905

1783

universe is originating in an

infinitely tiny, infinitely dense point or singularly between 13 to 14 billion years ago

Albert Einstein

publishes his special theory of relativity where he generalizes galileo's principle of relativity.

1687

static or newton Universe

universe expands but does change it's

density

amateur British

astronomer John Michell proposes the theoretical idea of an object massive enough that its gravity would prevent even light from escaping it. - known as black hole

due to random inflation in an empty void, there was great expansion. - time, space, matter, & energy into

existence.

1930

1929

oscillating

universe

matter being inserted to the universe

remain constant

edwin hubble

shows that the galaxies are moving away from us through a formula known as hubble's laws

he also derives the concept of mass-energy equivalence (that any mass has an associated energy) and his famous

E = mc2 equation.

Einstein's favored model after rejecting his own

Isaac Newton is known for his "principia" which is described as a static steady state , infinite universe wherein it is gravitationally balanced but essentially unstable.

relatively of equations of the universe with positive curvature

1926

expanding through time and contracting through

gravity pull

1915

1922

1803

Werner Heisenberg,

a german physicist, formulates

his uncertainty principle, that

the values of certain pairs of

variables cannot both be known

exactly, a central concept in quantum physics.

Russian

cosmologist

and mathematician

Alexander Friedmann

discovers the expanding universe solution to Einstein’s general relativity field equations.

Karl Schwarzschild,

German physicist, provides the first exact solution to Einstein’s field equations of general relativity (even before Einstein publishes the theory)

followed by Big Bang followed then the big Crunch now known as the oscillating universe theory.

Thomas young,

English scientist, demonstrates

a double-slit experiment wherein the interference of light deduces that it is a wave, not a particle as newton mentioned.

modern World

Heisenberg's microscope thought experiment to illustrate the effects of the uncertainty principle

1915

describes gravity as a property of the curvature of four-dimensional space-time

Albert Einstein

publishes his General Theory of Relativity, in which he unifies special relativity and Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

General relativity predicts the gravitational bending of light by massive bodies

fly freely under their own inertia through warped space-time

by: Danielle Chingcuangco

11 - abm

reference:

http://www.physicsoftheuniverse.com/dates.html