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September 2, 1945

Declaration of Independence: Democratic Republic of Vietnam

by Ho Chi Minh

"All men are created equal. They are endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights, among these are Life, Liberty, and the pursuit of Happiness"

"Communist control of all of Southeast Asia would render the U.S. position in the Pacific offshore island chain precarious and would seriously jeopardize fundamental U.S. security interests in the Far East...

... Southeast Asia especially Malaya and Indonesia, is the principal world source of natural rubber and tin, and a producer of petroleum and other strategically important commodities."

"The Vietnamese people want to have a free government. Nothing is better than independence and liberty... the Americans are capitalists, a few people take power. But in the Soviet Union the power is in the hands of all the people."

-Vietcong, 1957

Americans in Vietnam

1955 - 100

1965 - 184,310

1966 - 385,300

1967 - 485,600

1968 - 536,100

"expand, equip, and train South Vietnam's forces and assign to them an ever-increasing combat role, at the same time steadily reducing the number of U.S. combat troops."

Americans turned against the war.

The tunnel system made it hard to know who we were fighting and where they were.

How could the world’s most powerful country lose the Vietnam War?

Vietnam Policy under Presidents Nixon and Ford

After discovering the area's natural resources like coal, tin, and rubber France decided to make Vietnam a colony .

Is it patriotic to protest one's government?

People settle in Vietnam between 2000 and 1400 B.C.E.

French Colonization

In the 1850s, France sent troops to Vietnam to protect the Catholic missionaries.

Vietnamization

The Vietnamese Empire

Detente

Soviet Union

United States

1968-536,100

1970-334,600

1972-24,200

"Cooling Down"

In the 1600s, French missionaries arrive to convert the Vietnamese from Buddhism to Catholicisms.

1969-475,200

1971-158,800

The Vietnamese established their own dynasties and culture over the next 700 years.

The trail was a way to get supplies from the North to the Vietcong

The Ho Chi Minh Trail

A set of dirt paths through Cambodia and Laos ending in South Vietnam.

Part of the Chinese Empire from 100 B.C.E to around 930 A.D.

Bombing of Cambodia and Laos

The North Vietnamese Army Captures the the South's Capitol

What are American values?

1965 - 52%

1968 - 37%

Vietnam was re-unifed under a Communist government.

1969 - 32%

1966 - 48%

Americans still in Vietnam were evacuated from the country

1971 - 28%

1967 - 44%

... but that vote was canceled when it looked like the communists would win.

In 1956 a vote was to be held to re-unify the country under one...

The Fall of Saigon

Almost 1,000,000 people would leave Saigon within 2 years.

Vietnam Policy under

President's Eisenhower and Kennedy

Vietnam Policy under President Johnson

Guerrilla Warfare

Agent Orange

1975

Operation Rolling Thunder

My Lia Massacre

Napalm

Johnson wins the election in a landslide

Methods of Warfare

The former WW2 General sends 100 "advisers" to South Vietnam to help train troops.

The last American troops are removed from Vietnam

He warns against an Industrial Military Complex (permanent war machine).

The Draft

How do American's show their anger with the Government?

A turning point

Democrat John Kennedy

Presidential Election

"Man, I ain't got no quarrel with them Viet Cong"

17,000 U.S. Military Forces in Vietnam

“take all necessary measures to repel armed attacks against the forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression.”

In 1954,

a peace treaty was signed that

split

Vietnam in two

1957

1969

1960

Presidential Election

"How do you ask a man ..."

1967

1972

1971

1973

1959

1977

John F. Kennedy becomes President

Dwight Eisenhower's Farewell Address

1964

President Dwight Eisenhower

1954

Congress passes Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

1963

1968

1961

The Credibility Gap

Gulf of Tonkin Incident

23,000 U.S. Military forces in Vietnam

President Johnson was determined not to "lose" Vietnam.

The Tet Offensive

About 650,000 of the 3,000,000 soldiers who fought in Vietnam were drafted.

Domino Theory

Diem is killed in a Coup attempt

Republican Richard Nixon

Nearly 125,000 moved to Canada to "dodge the draft"

"the communists are unable to mount a major offensive...I am absolutely certain that whereas in 1965 the enemy was winning, today he is certainly losing...We have reached an important point when the end begins to come into view."

General

Westmoreland,

November 1967

31 Attacks on South Vietnamese cities by the North Vietnamese Army and the Vietcong during the

Tet holiday

ceasefire.

750-1,500 Americans are in Vietnam serving as Advisers

He does not want to look weak against communism after the Bay of Pigs so he increases American forces in Vietnam

Vietcong

were communist who fought against Diam and the U.S.A.

Not everyone in the South supported Diam. The

Richard Nixon, promising a secret plan to end the Vietnam war, wins the 1968 election.

Lyndon Johnson decided not to run for re-election in 1968.

Former Vice President Richard Nixon (R)

vs.

Vice President Hubert Humphries (D)

The South under capitalist

Ngo Dinh Diem

“If I’ve lost Cronkite,

I’ve lost America."

The North under Communist

Ho Chi Minh

1955

1965

Who has the right to rule?

Americans in Vietnam

1955 - 100

1962 - 12,000

1963 - 15,000

1964 - 23,310

1965 - 184,310

So Vietnam remained split, with the U.S. sending aid to the South.

How does war change our values?

"Without consent and support of the peasants, failure is inevitable."

-China's communist leader

Vietcong

Americans

In fighting for Independence, the Vietcong were more motivated to win .

Vietnamese citizens who wanted independence were called

Viet Minh

The United States did not back them because Ho Chi Minh was a communist...

Americans were not ready to fight a Guerrilla War in the Jungles. The Vietcong had been fighting one since 1941.

They helped the U.S. beat Japan during WWII.

After the war, Viet Minh like Ho Chi Minh hoped Vietnam would once again become independent...

... but France ignored Ho's declaration of independence and continued to rule.

Japan's occupation during World War II

...He wanted to confiscate land from the rich and divide it between the peasant farmers.

1946-1954:

The Viet Minh continued their war... now against the French.

After Germany took over France during World War II, Germany gave control of Vietnam to their ally Japan.

What are good reasons to fight a war?

Are there good reasons for countries to go to war?

The Vietnam War

How does war change our values?

What are good reasons to fight a war?

War is like ______________ because ______________.

The Vietnam War was like ______________ because ______________.

(Pick a noun)

Who has the right to rule?

Is it patriotic to protest one's government?

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