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PHOENICIANS, CARTHAGINIANS,
GREEKS AND ROMANS
Conquest of Hispania
The Phoenicians arrived on the Iberian peninsula attracted by mining wealth, around 1100 B.C.
and founded several colonies, the most important of which was Gadir (today's Cadiz).
Also Greeks founded colonies in southern Spain and along the Mediterranean coast including Rosas, Ampurias and Sagunto.The Phoenicians, during their struggle against the Greeks, called on the Carthaginians for help, and Hamilcar Barca, took possession of most of Spain. Their most important colonies were the island Ibiza and Cartagena, the "new Carthago".
The Roman conquest of Hispania was a historical period that began with the Roman landing at Empúries in 218 BC and ended with the Roman conquest of the Iberian Peninsula,
then Hispania, by Caesar Augustus after the Cantabrian wars in 19 BC.
Long before the First Punic War, between the 8th and 7th centuries BC, the Phoenicians (and later the Carthaginians) had already appeared in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula as well as in the East, to the south of the Ebro. Their numerous commercial settlements based throughout these coastal strips provided an outlet into Mediterranean commerce for minerals and other resources of pre-Roman Iberia.
Romanization of Hispania
Throughout the centuries of Roman rule over the provinces of Hispania, Roman customs, religion, laws and the general Roman lifestyle, gained much favour in the indigenous population, which was compounded by a substantial minority of Roman immigrants, which eventually formed a distinct Hispano-Roman culture. Roman civilization was much more technologically advanced and sophisticated than previous cultures in the peninsula.
CELTS AND IBERIANS
The Celts lived in villages to ease high defense and surrounded by stone walls. Their houses were made of stone, circular in shape, made of adobe and thatched roofs.
The walls were made of stone and dirt floor. Castros were called. The houses had little furniture and had no rooms.
The Iberians lived in walled villages built on hills for better defense. They had a watchtower at the entrance of the city. The houses were rectangular in shape and forming lined streets. The built of stone, adobe, wood and straw for the roof.
Ancient Roman architecture purposes of the ancient Romans, which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new architectural style.
The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture.
The Colosseum in Rome, Italy; the classical orders are used, but purely for aesthetic effect.
Roman Sculpture, with artists from across a huge empir and changing public tastes over centuries, is above all else, remarkable for its sheer variety and eclectic mix. The art form blended the idealised perfection of earlier Classical Greek sculpture with a greater aspiration for realism and absorbed artistic preferences and styles from the East to create images in stone and bronze which rank among the finest works from antiquity.
The history of Roman painting is essentially a history of wall paintings on plaster. Although ancient literary references inform us of Roman paintings on wood, ivory, and other materials, works that have survived are in the durable medium of fresco that was used to adorn the interiors of private homes in Roman cities and in the countryside
Religion in ancient Rome encompasses the ancestral ethnic religion of the city of Rome that the Romans used to define themselves as a people, as well as the adopted religious practices of peoples brought under Roman rule. The Romans thought of themselves as highly religious, and attributed their success as a world power to their collective piety (pietas) in maintaining good relations with the gods.
ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
SOCIETY, CITIES, ECONOMY, CULTURE, ART
ANCIENT ROME
-THE FOUNDING OF ROME
-THE MONARCHY-THE REPUBLIC-THE EMPIRE
-THE FALL OF ROME
-SOCIETY
-ROMAN CITIES
-ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES
-HOW DID RELIGIOUS BELIEFS CHANGE?
-THE ARTS: ARCHITECTURE, SCULPTURES, PAINTING
-ARTS AND SCIENCES: PHILOSOPHY, LITERATURE,
HISTORY AND SCIENCE
For all of the glory and grandeur of Ancient Rome, the Roman economy never developed into anything terribly complex compared to modern economies. Ancient Rome was an agrarian and slave based economy whose main concern was feeding the vast number of citizens and legionaries who populated the Mediterranean region. Agriculture and trade dominated Roman economic fortunes, only supplemented by small scale industrial production.
The Hispanics combined their old religion with Greco-Roman polytheism and during the height of the Empire they also took part in the imperial cult. During the decline of the Empire, Christianity spread across the Iberian Peninsula.
Important Roman cultural figures were born in Hispania, such as the philosopher Seneca, the poets Lucan and Martial, the orator Quintilian and the agronomist Columella.
Sculptures of deities, important figures and emperors from Hispania have been discovered, as well as reliefs on sarcophagi and steles.
Painting was used to decorate walls and pottery. Floors were decorated with mosaics, such as those in Ampurias, Tarraco, Palencia and Lliria (Valencia).
SCIENCE
Roman philosophy is thoroughly grounded in the traditions of Greek philosophy. Interest in the subject was first excited at Rome in 155 BCE. by an Athenian embassy, consisting of the Academic Carneades, the Stoic Diogenes, and the Peripatetic Critolaus.
Beginning in the eighth century B.C., Ancient Rome grew from a small town on central Italy’s Tiber River into an empire that at its peak encompassed most of continental Europe,
Britain, much of western Asia, northern Africa and the Mediterranean islands.
Roman literature, written in the Latin language, remains an enduring legacy of the culture of ancient Rome.
Some of the earliest extant works are historical epics telling of the early military history of Rome, followed (as the Republic expanded) by poetry, comedies, histories and tragedies.
THE FALL OF ROME
SOCIETY
Roman society is largely viewed as hierarchical, with slaves (servi) at the bottom, freedmen (liberti) above them, and free-born citizens (cives) at the top. Free citizens were also divided by class. The broadest, and earliest, division was between the patricians, who could trace their ancestry to one of the 100 Patriarchs at the founding of the city, and the plebeians, who could not
The Roman Empire lost the strengths that had allowed it to exercise effective control; modern historians mention factors including the effectiveness and numbers of the army, the health and numbers of the Roman population, the strength of the economy, the competence of the Emperor, the religious changes of the period, and the efficiency of the civil administration. Increasing pressure from "barbarians" outside Roman culture also contributed greatly to the collapse.
The Ancient Romans made much advancement in the field of science. Below are several examples.
Concrete
Arch Structures
Aqueducts
Plumbing
Machines
Sundials
Tools
Glassblowing
Military Technology
HISPANIA
-PRE- ROMAN PEOPLE: IBERIANS AND CELTS
-COLONISERS: PHOENICIANS, GREEKS AND
CARTHAGINIANS
-THE CONQUEST OF HISPANIA BY THE ROMANS
- THE ROMANISATION OF HISPANIA
- HISPANIA: SOCIETY, CITIES, ECONOMY, CULTURE, ART
-THE VISIGOTHS
THE MONARCHY, THE REPUBLIC AND THE EMPIRE.
The history of people who lived on the Palatine hill in Rome can be traced to 753 B.C. One might ask how so definite a date can be cited and indeed there is archaeological evidence to prove that a people did live on the Palatine Hill during the end of the Bronze Age, about 1000 B.C.
The Republic of Rome is an abstraction of over 250 years of history. They control the various powerful families of the time, who compete for state offices, military command, economic concessions and new adherents.
The Roman Empire, at its height (c. 117 CE), was the most extensive political and social structure in western civilization. By 285 CE the empire had grown too vast to be ruled from the central government at Rome and so was divided by Emperor Diocletian into a Western and an Eastern Empire
VISIGOTHS
This ties in very closely to the established legend that Rome was founded on 21 April 753 BC, which was traditionally celebrated in Rome with the festival of Parilia.
Two founding legends exist - Romulus and Remus and Aeneas.
Rather than contradict each other, the tale of Aeneas adds to that of Romulus and Remus.
The Romans, already weakened by internal wars for power, and by invasions of Germanic peoples ,
sought help from the Visigoths A village in central Europe, so that, like its allies should come to Spain to fight against these Barbarians and devolving power of Rome.
The Visigoths , came for Fighting Rome, But After defeating the barbarians , and view The Wealth of Hispanic lands , broke ties with Rome (losing their possessions in Gaul ) to stay with the fertile lands of Hispania . Thus began the departure of the Romans in the Peninsula.