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Place of Articulation

Velar = the back of the tongue raised to the soft palate ("velum"), the area right behind the palate

Palatal = the front or body of the tongue raised to the palatal region or the domed area at the roof of your mouth

Place of Articulation

Recap!

Watch this Video

Place of Articulation

Palatal

j

Glottal = The vocal folds are brought together as in the case of the stop [Ɂ] in "uh-oh" or the glottis is open with the vocal folds far apart to produce [h] as in " hot "

Glottal

E.g. the end of hag, hack, hang

ʔ, h

E.g. the beginning of "you" [ju]

How is the velum used?

Place of Articulation

(2) to create VELAR consonants

Place of Articulation

A sound produced involving the velum (i.e. when the back of the tongue presses against the velum) is called a VELAR consonant.

E.g. [g] , [k]

Here is what consonant sounds look like (the place of articulation) as they are produced in the vocal tract.

Palato-alveolar / post-alveolar = Made with front or tongue blade and back of the alveolar ridge

How is the Velum used?

Bilabial = two lips. Bilabial consonants are produced by creating a closure with both lips.

(1) to distinguish oral v. nasal sounds

Articulatory Phonetics

Want to know how to distinguish a voiced sound from a voiceless sound?

Palato-alveolar / post-alveolar

1. Place your index and middle finger on the front of your throat

2. Start producing the [s] sound "sssssss" then produce its voiced counterpart [z] "zzzzzz"

Inside the vocal tract

3. Alternate between the two. Do you notice a difference?

4. You will be able to feel vocal chord vibration when producing [z] but no vocal chord vibration when producing [s]

ʃ, ʒ

Place of Articulation

Inside the Larynx: Vocal folds

The velum (soft palate) can either be raised or lowered.

In the picture shown here, the velum is raised, which means air can’t pass through the nasal cavity.

Articulatory

process

Oro-nasal

process

E.g. the beginning of shy, she, show or in the middle of measure, treasure, azure

E.g. the beginning sound in buy, pie, my

Larynx

We produce sounds using particular parts of our vocal tract in particular ways.

The Hard Palate

Nasal sounds: produced by pushing air through the nose. E.g. [ mmmm ] [nnnn]

**Nasal sounds are always voiced sounds

Oral sounds: produced by pushing air through the mouth. E.g. [ ffff ] [vvvv]

The VOCAL FOLDS can be constricted so that only a narrow passage between them allows airflow. When air is pushed past, the vocal folds vibrate, producing VOICED sounds. When the vocal folds are at rest, air can flow freely past and the resulting sound is UNVOICED.

E.g. a closed (raised) velum results in the production of an oral sound

The airflow from the lungs can be modified at various points within the vocal tract to produce distinct speech sounds.

Open

Vocal Folds

Closed

Vocal Folds

Place of Articulation

The hard palate is among the passive articulators, meaning that it is used as a means for another articulator (the tongue) to form a closure. So, when we say “onion”, the closure is between the tongue and the hard palate. The resulting sound is called a PALATAL

Place of Articulation

Retroflex = Made with the tongue tip and hard palate.

Voiced sounds: produced by vibrating the vocal folds

E.g. [ vvvv ]

Voiceless sounds: produced when vocal folds are held apart

E.g. [ ffff ]

The point where a sound is produced is referred to as its place of articulation

Labiodental = lower lip and upper teeth. Labiodental consonants are produced by raising the lower lip to the upper teeth.

Retroflex

Not common among English speakers

**Check out the vocal fold vibration animation by clicking the link below

http://www.linguistics.ucla.edu/faciliti/demos/vocalfolds/vocalfolds.htm

**Check out the link below to hear the difference in voicing

What is the role of our lungs?

(In section 1.2-Alternating voiceless and voiced sounds)

http://www.phonetics.ucla.edu/course/chapter1.1/chapter1.1.htm#two

The Alveolar Ridge

Phonetics

E.g. the beginning sound in fat, vat

Place of Articulation

The Alveolar Ridge is another passive articulator. Either the blade or tip of the tongue can press against it to produce a range of consonants. Say the sounds [s] and [ʃ ] (pronounced ‘sh’), paying close attention to the position of your tongue. Sounds made using the Alveolar Ridge are called ALVEOLAR consonants.

Alveopalatal Consonants!

While the sounds [s] and [z] are made with the blade of the tongue near the alveolar ridge,

[ ʃ ] and [ʒ] are made with the blade of the tongue between the alveolar ridge and the hard palate.

[ ʃ ] is pronounced the way we usually say “sh”, as in shirt.

Place of Articulation

[ ʒ ] is the voiced counterpart. It is the sound in the word vision.

***Visit this link to become familiar with the symbols and sounds of the international phonetic alphabet

http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm

Most of the sounds of language (and ALL the sounds of English) are PULMONIC EGRESSIVE, meaning that air is pushed out of the lungs (through the trachea past the vocal folds) in order for sounds to be produced.

Alveolar = tongue tip at the alveolar ridge, behind the top teeth. English alveolar consonants are formed by raising the tip of the tongue to the alveolar ridge, which lies right behind the teeth

*This chart is a phonetic alphabet of all of the sounds in human language. English has about 44 of these sounds

  • Phonetics is the study of the sounds of language.

Interdental = tongue between the teeth, or just behind the upper teeth (also called "dental"). Made with the tongue tip or blade and upper front teeth

, l

The Teeth

E.g. the beginning sound in die, tie, sign, zoo, nigh, lie

E.g. the beginning sound in thing [θ] , this [ð]

The teeth can be used to make (inter)dental consonants

such as [θ] (as in "thing") and [ð] (as in "this").

and

labio-dental consonants such as [f] and [v]

The Vocal Tract

Interactive Exercise!

Click this link

Articulatory Phonetics

http://www2.leeward.hawaii.edu/hurley/Ling102web/mod3_speaking/mod3docs/Flash%20Files/sagittal.swf

The Lips

  • Articulatory phonetics is the study of how we produce sounds

The lips can be used in both the production of vowels and consonants.

For vowels, the lips can either be rounded [u] or unrounded [i].

The parts of the vocal tract used in making speech sounds are called “articulators”.

To form consonants

a sound can be

  • labio-dental ([f], [v]) or
  • bi-labial ([p],[b],[m]).

**Study the anatomy of the vocal tract then complete an exercise

Classification of consonants

What does the tongue do?

The tongue is an important active articulator both in consonants and vowels.

Articulatory Phonetics

Based on several dimensions!!!

Speech sounds

  • By place of articulation

To produce a number of consonants, one must have the tongue in a particular position with respect to a passive articulator.

  • By manner of articulation

  • Oral vs. nasal

Answer:

  • Voiced vs. voiceless

Question:

The tongue tip pressed against the alveolar ridge will produce which sounds?

[t], [d], [n], [l]

Vowels

Produced without obstruction in the vocal tract

Consonants

Produced with an obstruction in the vocal tract

These sounds are produced with the tongue tip pressed against the alveolar ridge

  • Based on the degree of obstruction

**Revisit the interactive International Phonetic Alphabet.

The IPA is designed to represent the qualities of speech that are part of oral language

-Ranges from complete closure, thru narrowing, to modifying shape by approaching

http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm

Sounds made using the tip or blade of the tongue are called CORONAL and sounds made using the back or root of the tongue are called DORSAL.

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