Chapter 17: The Scientific Revolution

Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment

Section1: The Scientific Revolution

I. Background to the Revolution

A. relied on Aristotle for their scientific knowledge

B. natural philosophers did not make observations about the

natural world

C. discovered works by Ptolemy, Archimedes, & Plato

D. these 3 disagreed w/Aristotle

E. technical problems that required careful observation &

accurate measurement stimulated scientific activity.

F. new inventions such as the telescope & microscope made

scientific discoveries possible

G. printing press helped to spread ideas quickly

H. Joannes Kepler, Galileo Galilei, & Isaac Newton great mathematicians

Chapter 17: Revolution and Enlightenment

II. A Revolution in Astronomy

Chapter 17: Revolution & Enlightenment

Chapter 14: Revolution and Enlightenment

A. The Ptolemaic System

1. aka the geocentric theory b/c it places Earth at the center of the universe

2. series of concentric spheres inside the other

3. Earth in the center motionless

4. Heaven resided in the 10th sphere

B. Copernicus & Kepler

1. 1543 Copernicus published his famous book On the Revolutions of the

Heavenly Spheres

2. believed the geocentric theory was too complicated

3. developed heliocentric theory

4. argued that the the Sun was the center not the Earth

5. Earth rotated on its axis & revolved around the Sun

Section 2: The Enlightenment

Section 3: The Impact of the Enlightenment

Section 4: Colonial Empires & the American Revolution

I. Path to Enlightenment

I. The Arts

2. became a missionary to the English people

3. gave the lower & middle class a sense of purpose community

4. stressed the importance of hard work & spiritual contentment

A. def.- an 18th century philosophical movement of

intellectuals

B. impressed w/the achievements of the Scientific Revolution

C. reason- application of the scientific method to an

understanding of all life.

D. using the scientific method, they could make progress

E. John Locke

1. argued that everyone was born w/a tabula rasa (blank slate)

2. suggested that people were molded by the experiences

that came through their senses from the surrounding world

I. Colonial Empires in Latin America

C. Kepler demonstrated that the planets' orbits were

elliptical not circular

D. Galileo

1. taught mathematics

2. discovered mountains on the moon, 4 moons around

Jupiter, & sunspots

3. published The Starry Messenger

4. angered the church; convicted

E. Newton

1. attended Cambridge University

2. discovered Calculus

A. The palace of Versailles had an enormous impact on Europe.

B. Other monarchs started building grandiose palaces

C. Rococo replaced baroque style

D. Rococo emphasized grace, charm, & gentle action.

E. Music

1. Bach

a. one of the greatest composers of all time

b. German

c. composed his Mass in B Minor

2. Handel

a. German

b. Messiah

c. spent most of his career in England

3. Bach & Handel wrote in the Baroque musical style

2. Frederick the Great was able to hold off the French, Russians,

& Austrians for a while, but attacked on 3 sides.

3. Peter III w/drew Russian forces, creating a stalemate

4. The European war ended in 1763, Prussia got permanent

control of Silesia.

F. War in India

1. Great War of Empire

2. FR returned Madras to GB after the War of Austrian

Succession

3. GB ultimately won due to their persistence.

G. War in North America

1. Greatest conflicts took place here

2. known as the French & Indian War

A. colonial powers allowed intermarriages b/w Europeans, Africans, &

Native Americans.

B. mestizos- mixed offspring of Native Americans & Europeans

C. mulattoes- mixed offspring of Europeans & Native Americans

D. Economic foundations

1. sources of wealth- gold & silver, farming, & trade

2. natural products that were shipped to Europe- sugar, tobacco,

diamonds, & animal hides

E. State & Church

1. wanted to Christianize the natives

2. Catholic church built cathedrals, hospitals, orphanages, & schools

3. Catholic Church offered other outlets for women- they could enter

convents & become nuns

II. Philosophes & Their Ideas

3. wrote Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy

(Principia)

4. universal law of gravitation- every object in the universe is

attracted to every other object by a force called gravity

5. Newto's 3 laws of motion

III. Breakthroughs in Medicine & Chemistry

A. philosophe- (philosopher) intellectuals of the Enlightenment.

B. role of philosophy is to change the world

C. Montesquieu

1. 3 basic forms of governments- republics, despotism, &

monarchies

2. 3 branches of government- executive, legislative, & judicial

3. separation of powers creates checks & balances

4. separation of powers provides the greatest freedom &

security for the state

D. Voltaire

1. Francois- Marie Arouet

4. Haydn and Mozart wrote in the classical style

5. Haydn

a. spent most of his life as the musical director for

Hungarian princes

b. visited England where the English wrote music for

public concerts

6. Mozart

a. child prodigy (a person, especially a young one,

endowed with exceptional qualities or abilities)

b. wrote his first symphony at 7

c. started playing piano at 3

A. Vesalius

1. dissected human bodies

2. wrote On the Fabric of the Human Body

3. professor of surgery at the University of Padua

4. still believed that two bloods flowed in the veins &

arteries

3. fought mainly over Gulf of St. Lawrence & Ohio River

Valley

4. Pitt put more resources into the colonial war rather than

the European war

5. FR loses; Treaty of Paris of 1763- GB gets all of FR North

American territories except Louisiana.

6. Spain transfers FL to the British; Louisiana goes to Spain

II. Enlightenment & Enlightened Absolutism

4. schools taught Native American students reading, writing, & arithmetic

II. Britain & British North America

2. came from a prosperous middle-class family

3. believed in religious toleration

4. "All men are brothers under God"

5. Deism- eighteenth-century religious philosophy based

on reason and natural law

E. Diderot

1. went to the University of Paris

2. invented the encyclopedia

B. William Harvey

1. wrote On the Motion of the Heart and Blood (1628)

2. showed circulation of the blood began w/heart not liver

3. same blood flows through veins & arteries

C. Robert Boyle

1. Boyle's Law- volume of a gas varies with the pressure exerted on it.

2. conducted controlled experiments

D. Antoine Lavoisier

1.founder of modern chemistry

2. developed a system of naming the chemical elements

A. UK came into existence in 1707 when the governments of England &

Scotland were united.

B. two prime ministers- Robert Walpole & William Pitt

C. Robert Walpole pursued a peaceful foreign policy.

D. William Pitt expanded the British Empire.

V. Toward a New Social Science

III. Women & the Origins of Modern Science

A. Economics

1. Adam Smith

A. Philosophes believed in natural rights for all people

1. equality before the law

2. freedom of the press

3. right to assemble

4. hold property

5. pursue happiness

B. Philosophes believed that society should be governed by

enlightened rulers.

1. allow religious toleration, freedom of speech & press, &

rights of private property

2. nurture the arts, sciences, & education

3. obey the laws and enforce them fairly for all subjects.

III. The American Revolution

A. Margaret Cavendish

1. skeptical of the idea that humans were the masters of nature

2. Observations Upon Experimental Philosophy

A. 1765 Parliament imposed the Stamp Act

B. Repealed the Stamp Act in 1766

C. 1775 fighting in Lexington and Concord

D. 1776 Declaration of Independence

E. Treaty of Paris 1783 ended the American Revolution

F. 1789 new constitution approved

B. Maria Winkelmann

1. trained by a self-taught astronomer

2. married Gottfried Kirch, Prussia's foremost astronomer &

became his assistant

3. discovered a comet

a. founder of economics

b. Physiocrat- interested in identifying the

natural economic laws that govern human

society

c. believed that if individuals were free to

pursue their own economic self-interest, all

society would benefit

d. laissez-faire- "to let do"

e. government should not interfere with market

forces

IV. Descartes & Reason

A. doubted everything

B. "I think, therefore I am"

C. the father of modern rationalism

D. reason is the chief source of knowledge

V. The Scientific Method

A. def.- systematic procedure for collecting and analyzing

evidence.

C. Enlightened Absolutism- rulers tried to govern by Enlightenment

ideas while maintaining their royal powers

D. Prussia

1. Frederick William I

a. strove to maintain a highly efficient bureaucracy of civil service

workers

b. 4th largest army in Europe

c. had a reputation as one of the best armies in Europe

2. Frederick (II) the Great

a. invited Voltaire to live in his court for a few years

b. abolished torture except in treason & murder cases

c. limited freedom of speech & press, religious toleration

d. kept serfdom & rigid social structure intact

E. The Austrian Empire

f. wrote The Wealth of Nations

g. 3 roles of government- protecting society from

invasion, defending citizens from injustice, &

maintaining public works

2. Beccaria

a. no cruel and unusual punishment

b. opposed capital punishment as well

B. developed by Francis Bacon

C. scientists should use inductive reasoning

D. systematic observations & carefully organized experiments to test

hypotheses would lead to correct general principles

V. The Later Enlightenment

A. Jean- Jacques Rousseau

1. Discourse on the Origins of the Inequality of Mankind

E. Austria

1. difficult to rule b/c it was a sprawling empire

2. Maria Theresa

a. inherited the throne in 1740

b. worked hard to alleviate the condition of the serfs

3. Joseph II

a. abolished serfdom

b. eliminated the death penalty

c. equality before the law

d. practiced religious toleration

e. failed

F. Russia Under Catherine the Great

a. people adopted laws & government to preserve their

private property

b. in the process, people became enslaved by their gov.

2. The Social Contract

a. his ideas on the Social Contract

b. liberty is achieved by following the general will

c. general will is what is best for the community

3. Emile

a. novel about the education of the natural man

b. education should foster, & not restrict, children's

natural instincts

1. German wife of Peter III

2. ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796

3. extended the Russian empire

4. did not make any reforms

5. invited Diderot to her palace

III. War of the Austrian Succession

4. believed that emotions as well as reason were

important to human development

B. Rights of Women

1. nature of women made them inferior to men

2. Mary Wollstonecraft

a. wrote A Vindication of the Women

b. Enlightenment based on reason of all humans not

just men

c. b/c women could reason, they deserve the same

rights as men

d. women should have equal rights in education as

A. king Charles VI of Austria died & was succeeded by Maria Theresa

B. King Frederick II of Prussia took advantage of the succession of a

woman.

C. Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia.

D. France then entered the war against Austria.

E. Austria made an alliance with GB.

F. The war lasted from 1740-1748.

well as in economic & political life

E. War fought on 3 continents: Europe (Austria, Austrian

Netherlands), Asia (India), & North America (Canada).

F. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle return all occupied territories

VI. Social World of the Enlightenment

IV. The Seven Years' War

A. peasants were unaware & unaffected by the Enlightenment

B. Growth of Reading

1. Enlightenment ideas spread through literature

2. newspapers developed during this time period

3. many books directed at the new reading public

C. Salons

1. def.- elegant drawing rooms of the wealthy upper class

2. invited guests met to discuss new Enlightenment ideas

A. Maria Theresa refused to accept the loss of Silesia

B. rebuilt army & tried to separate Prussia & France

C. New allies

1. FR & Austria

2. GB & Prussia

D. 1756-1763 fought in Europe, India, & NA

E. The War in Europe

1. GB & Prussia vs. Aus, FR, & Rus.

VII. Religion in the Enlightenment

A. Methodism

1. John Wesley founder