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Psychosocial Development Theory

His Legacy

  • Awarded AM (hon) on appointment in 1960
  • Awarded LLD (hon) in 1978
  • Retired as Professor Emeritus in 1970
  • Listed as #12 on the American Psychological Association's list of 100 most eminent psychologists of the 20th century

The Eight Stages of

Development

Stage 8

Stage 1

Integrity vs. Despair

Trust vs. Mistrust

Major Publications

Reaching Integrity will allow you to look back on your life and feel content and proud of all you've accomplished

You will feel despair, guilty, bitter, and as if you wasted your life

  • Babies who build trust will feel hopeful that they will have support when they face a problem later in life

  • If they don't build trust they will be fearful and suspicious of everything they encounter

Virtue:

WISDOM

HOPE

You are satisfied and content with your life

You believe that if there is a crisis people will be there to help you

Negative Consequence:

Dissatisfaction

  • Childhood and Society (1950)
  • Young Man Luther (1958)
  • Insight and Responsibility (1964)
  • Identity and Youth Crisis (1968)
  • Gandhi's Truth (1969)
  • Life History and the Historical Moment (1975)
  • The Life Cycle Completed: A Review (1982)
  • Vital Involvement in Old Age (1986)
  • A Way of Looking at Things (1987)

Negative Consequence:

Fear/Suspicion

Stage 7

Stage 2

Autonomy vs. Shame

Generativity vs.

Stagnation

  • Kids who master this stage have built their independence. They have learned to explore the world and do things on their own

  • Kids who don't reach autonomy will feel shame and begin to doubt their actions, choices, and abilities
  • By accomplishing generativity you will contribute to society and care for others (teachers have reached this level)

  • If you don't, you will feel stuck, like you are not progressing in the world, and end up pessimistic

Virtue:

CARE

WILL

You contribute to society and

take care of others

You feel independent

Negative Consequence:

Unproductive

Negative Consequence:

Shame

Stage 6

Stage 3

Intimacy vs. Isolation

Initiative vs. Guilt

  • The kids who master this stage ask "why". They are curious and want to initiate and lead. They have purpose.

  • The kids who fail at this stage become followers because they doubt themselves.
  • Mastering this stage allows you to start a relationship and build a family

  • If someone does not complete this stage they will feel isolated, unhappy, and will not form long-lasting relationships

Stage 5

Stage 4

Industry vs. Inferiority

Identity vs.

Role Confusion

*Most important one for teachers*

Virtue:

LOVE

PURPOSE

Influences

  • You are capable of love and taking part in long-term intimate relationships

You feel like what you do and choose to do has a purpose

  • A student who has successfully mastered this stage will have an idea of what they want to study in college and may know what they want to do when they grow up

Negative Consequence:

Isolation/Unhappiness

Negative Consequence:

Inadequacy

  • A student who has mastered this stage will feel proud of their accomplishments and continue to create goals and work towards them

  • A student who doesn't master this stage will feel inferior to others, they may work below their potential and feel defeated. They may believe that there is no point in making goals because they won't be able to accomplish them anyway

Who is Erik Erikson?

  • A student who does not master this stage will act out, be rebellious, and feel lost/not know their place in society

Virtue:

COMPETENCE

FIDELITY

You feel proud and confident in going after your goals

You've found your place in society

Negative Consequence:

Inferiority

Negative Consequence:

Rebellion

  • Erikson's humanist theory of psychosocial development expanded on traditional Freudian pyschosexual theory of human development
  • Also influenced by Kurt Lewin, Margaret Mead, and Gregory Bateson

Beliefs

One of the most influential psychoanalysts of the 20th century, Erik Erikson believed that each stage of life is associated with a specific pyschological struggle, a struggle that contributes to a major aspect of personality. (Erickson Insitute, 2019)

Conclusion

  • Erickson believed that humans' personalities continued to develop past the age of five and continued for the entire lifespan

  • Erickson believed that the development of personality depended directly on the resolution of existential crisis like trust, autonomy, intimacy, individuality, integrity, and identity

  • Environment plays a major role in self-awareness, adjustment, human development, and identity
  • Psychoanalysis = approach to the mind, personality, psychological disorders, and psychological treatment

  • Promotes awareness of unconsciousness and recurrent patterns of emotion and behavior

Career & Early Studies

  • Erik Erikson = founder of the Psychosocial Theory of Development

  • According to E.E., a person's personality continues to develop throughout their ENTIRE lifespan

  • There are eight stages of central conflicts that a person must overcome to be successful and move on

  • The stages are affected by your environment and the people in your life

  • Views human development in a social context

  • Today, Erikson continues to be a major figure in the world of psychology

About Erik Erikson

  • Full name Erik Homburger Erikson
  • Born June 15, 1902 in Frankfurt-am Maine, Germany
  • Mother was Karla Abrahamsen
  • Step-father was Dr. Theodore Homburger
  • Best known for his theory of pyschosocial development and coined the phrase "identity crisis"
  • His theories generated interest and further research on human development in the lifespan
  • Died May 12, 1994
  • Studied psychoanalysis in Vienna with Anna Freud

  • Came to Boston in 1933; accepted a position as a research assistant at the Harvard Psychological Clinic while also pursing a graduate degree in psychology

  • Discontinued his studies in 1936 without finishing his degree

  • For conducted research at Yale and Berkley and also continued his own pyschoanalysic practice

  • Returned to Harvard in 1960 as Professor of Human Development and Lecturer in Psychiatry

Resources

Early Childhood Events

  • APA Dictionary of Psychology. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://dictionary.apa.org/psychoanalysis

  • Cherry, K. (2019, September 16). How Erik Erikson's Own Identity Crisis Shaped His Theories. Retrieved from https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-erikson-biography-1902-1994-2795538

  • Erik Erikson. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://psychology.fas.harvard.edu/people/erik-erikson

  • Erik Erikson, 91, Psychoanalyst Who Reshaped Views of Human Growth, Dies. (1994, May 13). Retrieved from https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/13/obituaries/erik-erikson-91-psychoanalyst-who-reshaped-views-of-human-growth-dies.html?pagewanted=all

  • Erikson's psychosocial development. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/individuals-and-society/self-identity/v/eriksons-psychosocial-development

  • Erikson, Erik Homburger. (2019, November 15). Retrieved from https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/medicine/psychology-and-psychiatry-biographies/erik-erikson

  • Orbiteers. (n.d.). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from https://www.erikson.edu/about/history/erik-erikson/

  • Team, G. E. (2011, November 11). Erik Erikson (1902-1994). Retrieved from https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/erik-erikson.html

  • Team, G. E. (2011, November 11). Erik Erikson (1902-1994). Retrieved from https://www.goodtherapy.org/famous-psychologists/erik-erikson.html

  • The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. (2019, June 11). Erik Erikson. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/biography/Erik-Erikson

By Katie Wasmer & Gabriella Dill

  • Erikson's own struggle with identity led to his later explorations in identity formations

  • Had an estranged relationship with biological father and also felt a lack of acceptance from step-father

  • In school, Erikson was often teased for being tall, blonde, and Jewish

Family & Later Years

  • Erikson went on to marry artist and dance instructor Joan Serson. The couple married in 1930 and later had three children

  • His first born, Kai T. Erikson, is a noted American sociologist. Other children include Jon Erikson and Sue Erikson

  • In 1933, Erikson and his family fled the Nazi Uprising

  • Upon becoming a U.S. citizen in 1939, he adopted the surname Erikson (he used the surbame Homburger for the first four decades of his life)

Erik Erikson

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