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Climate changing weather in Northern Canada

References

1. Aboriginal affairs and northern development Canada (AANDC). 2012. Climate change adaptation program (CCAP). Government of Canada. http://www.aandc.gc.ca/eng/1329158189051/1329158264671. Accessed 14 April 2014.

2. Berkes, F., and D. Jolly. 2001. Adapting to climate change: social-ecological resilience in a Canadian western arctic community. Conservation Ecology 5: 2. http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol5/iss2/art18/. Accessed 13 April 2014.

3. Ford, J. D., and B. Smit. 2004. A framework for accessing the vulnerability of communities in the Canadian arctic to ricks associated with climate change. Arctic 57: 389-400.

4. Government of Canada. 2014. United nations framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC). Highlights of Canada’s sixth national communication and first biennial report on climate change. http://ec.gc.ca/cc/16153A64-BDA4-4DBB-A514- B159C5149B55/Highlights%20of%20Canada%E2%80%99s%20Sixth%20National%20 Communication%20and%20First%20Biennial%20Report%20on%20Climate%20Change .pdf

5. Ogden, A. and P. Johnson. 2002. Climate change impacts and adaptation in northern Canada. Briefing prepared for the senate standing committee in forestry and agriculture. Parliament of Canada. http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/SEN/Committee/372/agri/power/north-e.htm

6. Statistics Canada. 2013. Human activity and the environment: annual statistics. http://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/16-201-x/2007000/10542-eng.htm

Suzuki, D. 2014. What is climate change. David Suzuki Foundation. http://www.davidsuzuki.org/issues/climate-change/science/climate-change- basics/climate-change-101-1/

Historic Weather Changes Resulting from Warming Temperatures

Over the past 100 years the temperature in the N.W.T has increased a total of 1.5 degrees, with a decline of precipitation during winter (Odgen and Johnson 2002).

  • The Ayles ice shelf north of Ellesmere island in Nunavut collapsed as a result of warm temperatures and frequent offshore winds (Statistics Canada 2013).

The number of forest fires in the N.WT and Yukon has increased since 1960 and is expected to continue as temperatures warm and lightning storms are more frequent (Odgen and Johnson 2002).

  • Sea ice has declined since 1969 with a decline of ice thickness of 40% from 1961 to 2001 (Statistics Canada 2013).

A study conducted on local knowledge in Sachs Harbour reported that the weather is now unpredictable, open water is now closer in winter, less ice in summer with less observations of polar bears .

"The weather never changed that much years ago... it was always cold. Not like today. Years ago we knew when the weather was going to change-mild weather meant a storm was coming. But today it changes so much; we can be expecting a storm and the next day it is clear as can be" (Berkes and Jolly 2001).

Ice coverage in the eastern Arctic region 1968 to 2007.

What is climate change?

Climate change is a process that occurs naturally, and by human activity that alters average temperatures over long term processes. Warming temperatures affects our environment on small and large scales.

Warming temperatures has an increased effect felt in the north.

(Statistics Canada 2013)

Affects

  • Permafrost melting/reduced ice
  • Coastlines and glaciers retreating
  • Warmer winters and increased heat waves
  • Unpredicted precipitation
  • Changing wind patterns
  • loss of forests and habitats
  • New invasive species
  • Habitat and population decline
  • Food scarcity for inuit cultures

Canada's Role on Managing Climate Change

  • Canada has few establishments to assist with climate change, for example Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC) is supporting Northern communities through the Climate Change Adaptation Program (CCAP) to address the challenges and risks of climate change. Its focus is to work with organizations, institutions and communities that can take the lead in assessing and developing management strategies to adapt to the impa

Causes

Greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) mainly carbon dioxide, are emitted into the atmosphere through the burning of fossil fuels. Canada's overall CO2 contribution to the GHG emissions totaled 79% in 2011 (GOV. of Canada 2014).

Green house gas emissions by province and territory, 1990 and 2005

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