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The Gracchi Reforms

Traditional vs. NON Traditional!!

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla was a Roman general and statesman though not from a very wealthy Roman family. He was an adaption of Optimates (traditional way)

Sulla Lucius Cornelius Sulla was a Roman general and statesmanAdaption of Optimates (traditional way)Optimates vs Populare rivalry broke out when Sulla was elected consul in 88 B.C and was also chosen to lead an army against Mithridates.Populares favoured Marius to lead the army but the Optimates favored with Sulla. When the populares faction prevailed, Sulla fled to his army and he led a Roman army into the city, in his first march on Rome.Senate considered the election of Marius an illegal act. Marius was then sent to exile in Africa

Meanwhile……Sulla’s war with Mithridates did not turn out the way the Romans wanted it to be.He wanted to make peace with the Mithridates and end the war. Sulla achieved temporary control of Rome and made new reforms and laws However, when Sulla was away in Greece, it allowed Gaius Marius and his son Marius the younger to return to Rome with an army to fight against Sulla. Marius’ army went to Rome killing the leading supporters of Sulla. •Result: •Marius declared Sulla’s reforms and laws invalid• Officially exiled Sulla•Had himself elected to Sulla’s eastern command and himself elected consul for the seventh time for the year 86 B.C. Marius died 2 weeks later Marius the younger took control. Sulla took advantage of this wanting to seek justice.

Thank You!!

The Optimate: Rise of Sulla

The war of Mithridates/ March on Rome

2nd March on Rome

Sulla's army marched towards Rome and defeated the populares forces, led by the son of Marius Sulla took 6000 prisoners and butchered them all.Sulla was then the leader of Rome.

Introduction

Ancient Rome was the focal point of political systems in the Ancient world. It was the most advanced in civilization and culture but most importantly, it was superior in political systems and constitutions. The Roman Republic followed democratic systems of government until those policies were reformed.

Dictatorship

It was reformed once by:

  • The Gracchi – The power of the people
  • Gaius Marius – The army

Oligarchy

The Roman Republic slowly began to collapse from within, not being able to contain the pressure.

Ancient Rome is considered to be an Oligarchy.

  • An Oligarchy is a type of government that is made up of a few people. This usually includes people of dominant classes. In the Roman Republic, the Patricians were the ones who made up most of the government. This is why Ancient Rome is considered to be an Oligarchy.

Dictator of Rome at the end of 82 BC

REFORM the constitution of Rome.

Did many changes (examples)

  • Abolishing the power held by the Tribune of the people. NO MORE VETO
  • Restoring the ten year waiting period before one could hold the same office for the 2nd time.
  • Anyone holding office would have to wait two years before he could be nominated for the higher office.
  • Legal reforms- new courts for particular types of crime

Unusually, Sulla retired in 79 BC. Within a short time he died of old age.

Indeed, Sulla made little impact to Rome.

Constitutional Features

Demagouge

Consul

Age 42

Praestor

Age 39

Aedile

  • To take same position, one has to wait 10
  • Have to wait two years before one could be nominated for the higher office.
  • Demagouge: A demagouge is a person or a political leader who uses the emotions and the power of the people to achieve authority and power.

  • The Gracchi Brothers:
  • The Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus were two ancient Roman reformers and politicians who had altered way of Roman politics during the time 2nd century BC. Their reforms and actions and eventual assassinations are considered to be the first major event leading up to the ultimate collapse of the Roman Republic. They both wanted to help the people by means of their reforms but unfortunately, they had to pay the price with their lives as they shared the same fate, being clubbed to death by the senatorial mobs of their respective times.

Age 36

Quaestor

Age 30

Military

Age 17-27

The constitution of the Roman Republic was a set of guidelines passed down mainly by precedent. The constitution was largely unwritten, codified and constantly evolving. The term precedent based means ‘the first time something has happened.’

Tiberius Gracchus

  • Tiberius Gracchus served as the Tribune in 133 BC. He planned on helping the lower class people by distributing land to them. The problem that Tiberius faced was that there wasn’t enough land to share with all the plebeians.
  • Tiberius, as the Tribune, proposed that the state should seize all the land that is illegally held by the Patricians and give it amongst the poor.
  • He said that present land owners could only keep up to 500 iugera of land. This would make the Patricians furious because they would no longer be allowed to have such luxuries. Neither did they want to give up their land for the poor because most of them had held it for many generations.
  • Tiberius’ plans were not going according to plan and so, he tried to run for an unprecedented 2nd time as Tribune which was not allowed by the Roman constitution laws. The Senate was enraged at the efforts of distribution of land to the poor and so, when Tiberius’ reign as Tribune was over, the senatorial mob killed him during a riot.

Idea of Stability

Optimates vs. Populares

Under the optimates, the government functioned with the most stability.

Reason:

Optimates were the traditional method in the government that had spanned for the first many years of Rome.

Why Optimates were stable compared to Populares?

Marius and Tiberius are examples of populares. What did they do for the city?

Created violence using the people for power and making the people get interacted in politics. UTMOSHT CHAOS IN ROME WITH POPULARES!!!

Optimates were the most suitable method back then, no doubt.

• Optimates: Literally means: “best man”. These were the more traditional majority of the late Republic. They wished to limit power to the Plebeians and extend the power of the Senate. This was more dedicated to the Aristocrats. By extending the Senate’s powers, the wealthy Patricians would be allowed to live very luxuriously.

• Populares: Populares are men such as the Gracchi and Gaius Marius. They are the type of people who want their actions and words to be pleasing to the people. They want their actions to help the people. Especially the lower class people who struggled to survive.

Gaius gracchus

UNLEASHED REPUBLIC

  • Gaius Gracchus was the younger brother of Tiberius who served as Tribune for 123 BC.
  • Gaius followed his brother’s foot steps to try to help the lower class people. To do so,
  • Gaius reenacted the land reforms. He proposed to make colonies of the landless – poor people and also,
  • financially support them by giving them an adequate amount of grain. Gaius also attempted to break the law yet help the plebeians by becoming Tribune again but it didn’t work out and so, he fled off to Janiculum and there, he committed suicide.

Both Gracchi tried to help the people by means of their reforms but failed. Eventually, as time went by, the internal collapsing of the Roman Republic began to take place. Both Gracchi were Populares. They used the people’s power to gain political control. In the end, the Gracchi unleashed the power of the people bringing the fall of the Roman republic one step closer.

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