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Is this even do-able?

Establish a sense of safety.

Re-establish relational attachment.

$$$?!

We're not doing therapy.

Establish meaning by exploring purpose and future goals.

We don't have the training to do extensive trauma work.

For me, the healing and change required is simply interpersonal, and it is grounded by predictability and respect within the group.

Enhance systems of support.

Appreciate post-traumatic growth.

Provide psychoeducation on the effects of trauma.

Fostering long-term change in men who choose abuse will ultimately keep their current and future partners (and themselves) safe.

Teach & experience emotional & behavioral regulation.

Re-frame and integrate traumatic experiences.

Build self-capacities & enhance the brain's executive functioning.

Okay, but how do we move it forward?

Compassionate Accountability

You are not your trauma.

Your trauma can be healed.

Expect that every man can heal and change.

You are grown and in control of your own choices and decisions.

Acknowledge that change is difficult.

an excuse.

Support, listen, educate, and mentor to promote the process of healing and change.

TRAUMA is not

to blame.

Celebrate the courage to choose to change.

No one provokes or makes you be violent or abusive.

Hold each man individually and personally responsible and accountable for their choices and decisions -- past and present.

Regardless of the circumstance, violence & abuse is a personal choice; you are responsible for your choices.

re-enactment behavior

Trauma-Adaptive Behaviors

inability to be vulnerable

inability to trust others

Consequences & accountability help to change the decisional balance toward healing.

need to be in control

inappropriate/no boundaries

low self-esteem

The world is a frightening & dangerous place.

Our Men

I can't trust anyone.

I am vulnerable.

I must take care of myself.

I am unprotected.

I must survive.

No one really cares about me.

Men & boys are dominant & superior to women & girls.

excessively jealous

We want to fix what's wrong.

We fail to ask what happened.

Our Fears

hypermacho masculinity

inability to express emotions

Are we not taking women's victimization seriously?

poor communication skills

unrealistic expectations and demands

Are we colluding with batterers?

manipulative

male supremacy

false/exaggerated perceptions of reality

Will batterers ever change?

exhibits controlling behavior

hypersensitive and easily insulted

If we accept male victimization, do we also accept men as having a rightful place of dominance?

blames others for actions

excessive reactivity to triggers

Is punishment accountability?

In some term of victim's justice, do these guys deserve to be belittled, silenced, or ostracized from society in some way?

So, let's check the numbers:

Some of our men come from broken homes.

The Duluth Model is "one of the most successful community-based projects for violent men anywhere in the world."

- Dobash, Dobash, Cavanagh & Lewis (2000, p. 48)

Some of our men feel pressure to "man up".

Some of our men come from communities of violence.

We fix what's wrong with batterers.

Summarizing current BIP approaches, Babcock, Canady, Graham, & Schart (2007) state:

"Current research on intervention tells us more about what doesn't work than what are effective ways to stop family violence" (p. 237)

The authors also conclude that a survivor of IPV is only 5% less likely to be reassaulted if her partner is arrested, convicted, and referred to a BIP than a survivor whose partner is only arrested and convicted

  • We explain that violence and abuse is a form of control.
  • We explain why abuse and control does not work.
  • We focus on the attitudes and values of that drive abusive behaviors.
  • We examine what it means to "be a man" in today's society.

Some of our men have a legacy of cultural trauma.

In theory, sure...

MEN/S Program Intervention Specialist

Our Perceived Reality

"To the extent that CBT groups address patriarchal attitudes, and Duluth model groups address the learned and reinforced aspects of violence, any distinction between CBT and Duluth model groups becomes increasingly unclear."

- Babcock, Green, & Robie (2004, p. 1026) in "Does batterers' treatment work? A meta-analytic reivew of domestic violence treatment"

The Traditional Theoretical Approaches of BIPs

  • Patriarchy, male privilege, & male acceptance of violence is the root cause of IPV
  • As such, men are the only IPV perpetrators
  • Operating from a different paradigm compromises safety for victims of IPV
  • Patriarchy has little to do with changing behavior
  • Men and women can both be perpetrators and victims
  • It is possible to shift the paradigm without compromising safety for victims of IPV
  • Gained popularity in the 1990s in challenging thoughts, assumptions, beliefs, and behaviors to:
  • Provide behavioral skills to reduce anger
  • Teach how to successfully manage conflict
  • Increase positive interaction (e.g., active listening, assertiveness in lieu of aggression) (Murphy & Eckhardt, 2005)
  • The approach admits that violence is functional for the person using it

Now what?

  • Founded in 1981 in Duluth, MN to:
  • Make the private and secret affair of IPV public
  • Socially construct safer communities for victims
  • Hold offenders accountable for their behavior (Pence & Paymar, 1993)
  • Essentially, a hybrid of feminist & CBT principles that asserts that (1) arrest and prosecution and (2) court-mandated intervention is critical for change (Gondolf, 2007)
  • This work is not therapy; it is re-education (Caesar & Hamberger, 1989)

Batterer Intervention Programs: How does Trauma-Informed Care fit?

Trey Goff, MS

Women's Center & Shelter of Greater Pittsburgh

CBT Model

Duluth Model

Labriola, Rempel, & Davis (2005) summarized seven published reviews and eight book chapters regarding BIP effectiveness:

  • First generation claims (no comparison)
  • Could not explore the cause of behavior change
  • Could not be linked to program participation
  • Second generation claims (quasi-experimental)
  • Were inconclusive due to the pre-existing differences in treatment groups
  • Third generation claims (randomized studies)
  • Rarely differed in terms of recidivism, attitudes towards women, beliefs about violence, degree of post-group violence, and/or cognitive change

A meta-analysis by Babcock, Green, & Robie (2004) of 5 published studies found that:

  • Duluth/feminist psycheducational interventions yeilded a small effect size (d=0.35),
  • CBT interventions yeilded an even smaller effect size (d=0.29),
  • and noted that "current interventions have a minimal impact on reducing recidivism beyond the effect of being arrested" (p. 1023)

healed.

Trauma can be

Ideological Polarities

Dutton's (2008) "gender analysis" &

Hamel and Nicholls' (2007) "gender camp"

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