Introducing 

Prezi AI.

Your new presentation assistant.

Refine, enhance, and tailor your content, source relevant images, and edit visuals quicker than ever before.

Loading…
Transcript

FOREIGN AFFAIRS AND NATIONAL SECURITY

Isolationism to Internationalism

- The US practiced isolationism for most of its history as the American people were more concerned with domestic affairs than foreign affairs.

- WWII convinced Americans that isolationism was impossible.

-- A worldwide economy and community make it impossible for the US to ignore the affairs of other nations as they directly impact the US.

-- US actions around the world have caused animosity toward the country resulting in acts of terrorism.

Foreign Policy Defined

-Everything a nation says and does in foreign affairs is their foreign policy.

-- Treaties and Alliances

-- International Trade; Oil Imports, Grain and Computer Technology Exports

-- Defense Budget

-- Economic and Military Aid; Economic Sanctions

-- The UN

-- Nuclear Weapons Testing; Disarmament Negotiations

-- Immigration

-- Space Exploration

-- Fishing Rights

-- Cultural Exchange Programs

Foreign Policy Defined

- The President has the most responsibility in foreign policy.

-- There are a number of officials to assist the President, including the state department and the defense department.

The State Department

- State Department is the "President's right arm in foreign affairs."

- The Secretary of State duties:

-- Making and conduct of policy

-- Managing the work of the department

-- Managing overseas posts

-- Managing 25,000 employees

The State Department

- Organization and Components

-- Some agencies are organized by geographic region; i.e. Bureau of African Affairs.

-- Other agencies have functional goals; i.e. Bureau of Consular Affairs

- The Foreign Service

-- 6,000 men and women represent US interests around the world.

--- Right of Legation

- Ambassadors

-- Diplomatic representatives of the US in 180 countries that the US recognizes.

-- Encourage trade, gather intelligence, advise those who wish to enter the country, assist American citizens in those countries.

The State Department

- Special Diplomats

-- UN Ambassador and representative to NATO

-- Any other diplomat that the president names to carry out certain tasks abroad

- Passports

-- Office of Passport Services in the Bureau of Consular Affairs issues passports.

-- Passports give their holders all the rights and privileges of international custom and treaties.

- Diplomatic Immunity

-- Diplomats are expected to conduct themselves appropriately but are not subject to the laws of the host country.

--- If they behave inappropriately, they can be expelled from the host country.

The Defense Department

- 1.4 million serving in uniform; additional 700,000 civilians

- Civil Control of the Military

-- The President and Congress have vast military powers.

--- The Secretary of Defense also has to be a civilian

- The Secretary of Defense

-- Chief defense adviser

-- Controls all of the offices of the Pentagon

- Chief Military Aides

-- Joint Chiefs of Staff/National Security Council

--- Sec. of Defense, Chairman of the JCOS, Army Chief of Staff, chief of naval operations, commandant of the Marine Corps, Air Force Chief of Staff

The Military Departments

- The Department of the Army (1775)

- The Department of the Navy (1775)

- The Department of the Air Force (1947)

OTHER FOREIGN AND DEFENSE AGENCIES

The DNI

- Office of the Director of National Intelligence

-- Chief adviser in all matters relating to national security.

-- 16 separate agencies and the NCTC

--- FBI, DEA, CIA, NSA, National Geospatial Agency, and Defense Intelligence Agency

Department of Homeland Security

- Coordination and direction of all anti-terrorist activities of all public agencies operating in the field of domestic security.

-- Responsible for border and transportation security, infrastructure protection, emergency preparedness and response, intelligence, and chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear defense.

-- Agencies include the Secret Service, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, Coast Guard, TSA, Citizenship and Immigration Services, and FEMA.

- Goals are to thwart or minimize the impact of terror attacks and to bring those responsible to justice.

NASA

- Research and exploration of outer space.

-- Applications in the fields of defense, astronomy, physics, environmental science, communications, weather forecasting, and many more.

-- Centers in Florida, Texas, California, Maryland, and Alabama.

--- Highest priority is the International Space Station

The Selective Service System

- 1940-1973- major source of military manpower.

-- Suspended in 1973

--- All males ages 18 1/2-26 are eligible to be drafted if needed.

---- The draft will not be reactivated until Congress reinstates the President's power to order the actual induction of men.

AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY OVERVIEW

-Protect the Security of the US.

Foreign Policy From Independence Through WWI

- Isolationism

-- Did not mean a complete disconnection form the rest of the world.

-- Foreign commerce, treaties, and diplomatic relations have always been important to the US.

- Monroe Doctrine

-- To stop the threat of European forces in the Western Hemisphere.

- Continental Expansion

-- Required agreements, treaties, purchases, and war.

--- France- Louisiana Purchase in 1803

--- Spain- Florida cession/purchase in 1819

--- Texas- annexation in 1845

--- Great Britain- Oregon Treaty in 1846

--- Mexico- Treaty of Guadalupe-Hidalgo in 1848, Gadsden Purchase in 1853, forced French withdrawal in 1867

--- Russia- Purchase of Alaska in 1867

- World Power

-- Adopted imperialism, slowly moving away from isolationism

--- Treaty of Paris 1898- Guam, Puerto Rico, and purchase of the Philippines from Spain.

--- Annexation of Hawaii in 1898

- Good Neighbor Policy

-- Roosevelt Corollary- US will use international police power to protect Latin America

--- Marines sent to quell revolutions in Nicaragua, Haiti, and Cuba

--- Supported Panamanian rebellion against Columbia for access to Panama Canal.

--- Denmark- purchased Virgin Islands in 1917

-- FDR tried to reverse anti-American feelings with the Good Neighbor Policy.

--- Re-adoption of the original Monroe Doctrine in the Rio Pact of 1947.

- Open Door in China

-- Open Door Notes, John Hay

--- US trade in Asia (especially China) was being cut-off by the spheres of influence by other imperial powers.

--- Hay wrote the first Open Door Note to many European countries to encourage them to allow American trade with China.

--- Following the Boxer Rebellion, where the US supported the Boxers, Hay wrote the second Open Door Note to China promising that trade with the US would allow the US to be the defender of Chinese ports.

World War I and the Return to Isolationism

- Germany's use of unrestricted submarine warfare on Atlantic shipping and the vast amounts of money owed by the Allies forced the US to join WWI.

- The atrocities of WWI and the use of the draft drew Americans toward isolationism.

World War II

- With a world wide economy and a world wide depression, full isolationism was impossible.

- WWI and the Great Depression led to the rise of militaristic dictators in Europe and Asia.

- US became an "arsenal of democracy" leading to the end of the war and the end of isolationism.

Two New Principles

- Collective Security

-- US took responsibility for world peace.

--- Rivalry with USSR.

- Deterrence

-- Competition with the USSR led to the military/industrial complex to keep US readiness for war.

--- President George HW Bush extended deterrence to include preemptive war.

Resisting Soviet Aggression

- Cold War (1950-1990)

-- 40 years on the brink of war between two nuclear superpowers

- The Truman Doctrine (1947)

-- Policy of Containment- not allowing communism to spread to newly independent countries.

- The Berlin Blockade (1948)

-- Berlin and Germany were divided between US and USSR, Berlin was entirely in the Soviet zone.

-- Soviets blockaded the American part of the city so the US airlifted supplies to the city.

- The Cuban Missile Crisis (1962)

-- President Kennedy used the Truman Doctrine and the Monroe Doctrine to oppose the building of Soviet missile launch sites in Cuba.

-- Naval blockade and negotiations lasted for 13 days. US forced USSR to back down.

- The Korean War (1950-~1953)

-- The failure of the US to prevent China from turning communist led to direct UN control in Korean Civil War.

-- Armistice was signed and Korea remains two nations

- The War in Vietnam (1954, 1965-1975)

-- US interfered in Vietnamese elections to keep communists out of power and led UN forces in Vietnamese "civil war."

-- President Johnson committed to full US involvement in 1965.

-- President Nixon started the policy of "Vietnamization" in 1969.

--- South Korea was overrun by North Vietnam by 1975 forcing US to pull out.

- Detente and the Return to Containment

-- President Nixon pushed for a policy of better relations with the Soviets following Vietnam.

--- Nixon started with diplomacy with China.

--- Nixon then started SALT 1- a five year pact to limit nuclear weapon development.

-- President Carter returned to a policy of containment when the Soviets directly invaded Afghanistan.

--- President Reagan continued the policy of containment.

- The End of the Cold War

-- Summit Diplomacy- Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev started the Soviet policy of openness with the world, especially the US; Presidents Reagan and Bush.

-- As the Soviet economy continued to fall due to the spending on the military; Eastern European countries and provinces revolted against Soviet rule.

The World Remains Dangerous

- Global War on Terror has changed foreign policy to focus on the elimination of terrorist groups and the governments that support them.

FOREIGN AID AND DEFENSE ALLIANCES

Foreign Aid

- Lend-Lease to the Allies prior to US involvement in WWII.

- Marshall Plan provided aid to Greece, Turkey, and other countries in Europe to keep them away from Soviet influence.

- Since the 1950s, most aid has gone to Asia, the Middle East, and Latin America.

-- Most aid has to be used on American goods and services.

- Agency for International Development (independent), Departments of State and Agriculture (monetary aid), Defense Department (military aid).

Security Alliances

- NATO

-- Originally an organization to combat the Soviet Union.

-- Still used for defense but also for intervention in conflicts and prevention of humanitarian disasters.

-- Also involved in GWOT.

- Other Alliances

-- Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance

--- Rio Pact; defense pact between most countries in North and South America

-- The ANZUS Pact

--- Security in the Pacific

-- The Japanese Pact, the Korean Pact, and the Philippines Pact

--- mutual defense with withdrawal of American forces.

-- The Taiwan Pact

--- Now defunct; was agreement to recognize the Chinese Nationalist Government.

- Middle East

-- No network of regional alliances

--- Support of Israel and importance of Arabian oil.

--- To continue to have access to oil and to protect Israel, the US has long been involved in attempting to stabilize the region long before the GWOT.

The United Nations

- Symbolic of the shift from isolationism to internationalism following WWII

- Charter and Organization

-- maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations between and among all nations, and promotion of justice and cooperation in the solution of international problems.

-- 192 member nations today

-- composed of the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice, and the Secretariat.

- The General Assembly

-- power to admit, suspend, and expel members and propose amendments to charters.

- The Security Council

-- strongest body made up of the US, Russia, China, Great Britain, France, and 10 nonpermanent members; selected by General Assembly.

--- Shares same powers as General Assembly except proposing amendments

- Other Important UN Bodies

-- Economic and Social Council

--- World Health Organization, International Labour Organization, International Monetary Fund, World Bank, International Fund for Agricultural Development, UNESCO, and others.

- The Work of the UN

-- Peacekeeping

-- World Health

-- Environmental Protection

-- Human Rights

Foreign Policy and National Defense

Learn more about creating dynamic, engaging presentations with Prezi