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Diversity in Counseling

Counseling with Gays, Lesbians, Bisexuals, and Transgenders

Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling

  • Within the ACA, the Association for Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Issues in Counseling (ALGBTIC) deals with these concerns specifically related to these populations

Reflection

  • Diverse in their lifestyles- don't come to counseling with typical concerns
  • There are some fairly frequent issues faced by GLBTs
  • Coming out- letting others know that one identifies as gay, lesbian, bisexual, or transgendered
  • Forming community organizations
  • Following religious practices
  • Coping with AIDS
  • Relationships
  • Social empowerment model (SEM) is helpful with individuals who identify as gay and lesbian
  • Gender role conflict (GRC) is recommended in counseling with individual who identify as transgendered

Do you think as a professional in the counseling field that you would ever turn a client away because of conflicting interests with your beliefs?

Definition of Spirituality

By Ingerstoll (1994)

Counseling and Sexual Orientation

  • A concept of the divine or a force greater than oneself
  • A sense of meaning
  • A relationship with the divine
  • Openness to mystery
  • A sense of playfulness
  • Engagement in spiritually enhancing activities
  • Systematic use of spiritual forces as an integrator of life
  • 1.4% of the population of the United States ( 5 in 6 million people) is primarily gay or lesbian ( National Center for Health Statistics and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011)
  • Many individuals within minority sexuality orientations are often stereotyped, stigmatized, and discriminated against
  • Stereotypes include statements that members of sexual minority groups are child molesters, and same-sex marriages never last (Chen-Hayes, 1997)
  • Difficulties usually begin early in life
  • Children who are oriented toward any of these lifestyles frequently have trouble growing up n regard to their identity
  • They often have feeling of isolation, trouble with peer relationships
  • The majority culture, which professional helpers represent, has a predominantly negative view of persons who do not have a heterosexual lifestyle.

Counseling and Spirituality

  • New concept in counseling
  • 2/3 of people prefer a counselor with spiritual value
  • Association with wholeness and wellness
  • Counselors who work best with religious issues either recognize the existence of a religious or spiritual absolute reality but allow multiple interpretations or recognize a client worldview that includes God or spiritual realities

Etic and Emic Perspectives

  • Etic perspective- universal qualities in counseling are culturally generalizable.

  • Emic perspective- counseling approaches must be designed to be culturally specific

Five Guidelines for Effectively Counseling Across Cultures

RESPECTFUL

Multicultural Counseling

R= religious/spiritual issues

E= economical class issues

S= sexuality identity issues

P= psychological development issues

E= ethnic/racial identity issues

C= chronological issues

T= trauma and threats to well-being

F= family issues

U= unique physical issues

L= languages and location of residence issues

"in which the counselor or client differ." ( Locke, 1990, p.18)

Examples are socialize in a different culture, developmental or traumatic life events, or the product of being raised in a different ethnic environment.

  • Counselors recognize the values and beliefs they hold in regard to acceptable and desirable human behavior. They are then able to integrate this understanding into appropriate feelings and behaviors
  • Counselors are aware of the cultural and generic qualities of counseling theories and traditions. No method of counseling is completely culture-free.
  • Counselors understand the sociopolitical environment that has influenced the lives of members of minority groups. Persons are products of the milieus in which they live.
  • Counselors are able to share the worldview of clients and do not question its legitimacy.
  • Counselors are truly eclectic in counseling practice. They are able to use a wide variety of counseling skills ans apply particular counseling techniques to specific lifestyles and experiences.

Association for Multicultural Counseling and Development

  • Division in the ACA
  • Deals with issues and concerns related to counseling across cultures in the United States
  • Sponsors trainings for counselors to become more multicultural competent.

Issues in Multicultural Counseling

Difficulties in Multicultural Counseling

1. Predominant beliefs of European/North Americans

2. Sensitivity to Cultures

  • knowledge of the worldviews of culturally different clients
  • awareness of one's own personal worldview and how one is a product of cultural conditioning
  • skills necessary for work with culturally different clients

3.Understanding how cultures operate

4. Providing effective counseling services across cultures

5.Development and Employment of counseling theories

  • Overculturalizing
  • "mistaking people's reactions to poverty and discrimination for their cultural pattern" (p.533)
  • Language patterns
  • Racism
  • prejudice displayed in blatant or subtle ways due to recognized or perceived differences in physical and psychological backgrounds of people
  • Acculuration
  • "the process by which a group of people give up old ways and adopt new ones" ( Romero, Silva, & Romero, 1989, p. 499)

Approaches that work with Europeans and European Americans

There are many approaches that work well with this group because many of the counseling theories in use today were developed by this group.

What is culture?

Variables to Culture

Approaches that work with African Americans

Background of European Americans

  • ethnographic variables- ethnicity, nationality, religion, and language

  • demographic variables- age, gender, place of residence

  • status variables- social, economic, educational background

Counseling Women

Approaches that work with Arab Americans

  • Carefully identify their expectations
  • Hone in on racial identity
  • The impact of racism and discrimination of African Americans should not be ignored
  • Overemphasizing feelings does not work
  • Egalitarian relationship should be developed between client and counselor
  • Focus on strengths and address individuals within the context of their families, neighborhoods and cities.
  • Family member and neighbors can be brought in to help
  • Spiritual resources
  • Diverse Population ( 53 categories)
  • There is no typical European American
  • Long and dominant history in the United States
  • Have blended together more than any other cultural group
  • "White ethnic"refers "to all non-Hispanic White families of European American heritage" ( Baruth & Manning, 2012, p.198)
  • Whiteness and majority status within the United States for generations has led to white privilege.
  • Be aware of their cultural context
  • Be mindful of importance authority plays in lives
  • Attentive to extended family playing large decision making
  • Be sensitive to large part culture plays in life and treatment

Background on African Americans

Reflection

Think of when you have been misunderstood by someone else. What did it feel like? What did it make you want to do or want to do in regard to the situation. Then think about what you would feel like if misunderstood by a counselor- a professional who is suppose to be sensitive and attuned to others.

  • Primary consumers of counseling services
  • Grow and develop through relationships
  • Professionals should be highly empathetic, warm, understanding, and well developed
  • Counselors must understand history, cultural values, conflicts, and coping mechanisms
  • Racial microaggressions
  • microassaults- similar to old fashioned racism and are deliberate, concious, and overt, such as refusing to serve someone because of the color the person's skin
  • microinsults- verbally, nonverbally, or environmentally demean a person's racial heritage or identity
  • microinvalidations- actions that "exclude, negate, or nullify psychological thoughts, feelings, or experiences of a person

Background of Arab Americans

  • Fast Growing in the US
  • From 22 Diverse Countries
  • Differences include: social class, education, language, time of immigration

Counseling Considerations with Specific Cultural Groups

Background on Hispanics and Latinos

  • Hispanic and Latino are terms used to describe people who's ancestors came from Spanish- speaking countries of the Americas
  • Common denominator for hispanics is the Spanish language
  • They are a very diverse group
  • Latinos describe "people of Spanish and Indian descent whose ancestors lived in the areas of the Southwest United States that were once part of Mexico and in countries in Central and South America

Counseling Men

Approaches that work with Hispanics and Latinos

Background of Native American Indians

Gender-Based Counseling

Background of Asian Americans

  • First inhabitants of the American continent
  • 517 tribes today
  • Tremendous diversity- close up 300 languages
  • Strong feelings about loss of ancestral lands, a desire for self-determination, conflicts with values of mainstream American culture, and confused self- imaged results from past stereotyping
  • High suicide, unemployment,alcoholism rates, and low life expectancy
  • Very reluctant to use counseling services
  • Distance to services
  • No transportation
  • Lack of insurance
  • Absence of counselors who speak Spanish
  • Counselors must involve family because of loyalty to family
  • Filial therapy- positive behavioral or symptomatic changes results from changed parent-child relationship rather than specific problem-focused
  • Values include: family, respect, personal relationships, and trust
  • Helpful to work in religion or tradition since majority are Catholic
  • Bilingual

Approaches that work with Native American Indians

  • Original heritage is Chinese, Japanese, Filipino, Indochinese, Indian, and Korean among others
  • Have faced strong discrimination in the United States
  • Described as hardworking, successful, and not prone to mental or emotional disturbances
  • Model Minority Myth
  • Using Native American Acculturation Scale
  • Scale measures individuals' levels of acculturation along ranging from traditional Native American to assimilated mainstream America
  • Four ideas to be considered
  • Silence
  • Acceptance
  • Restatement
  • General Lead
  • Being a learner and admit mistakes will help to bond
  • Since 1980's increase in research on men, masculinity, and the male experience
  • Leading to a greater demand for clinical services for men issues
  • Effective Counseling requires knowledge and insight that focuses on particular and common aspects of sexuality and sexual orientation of people
  • Men and Women may need different styles of interaction from counselor
  • Counselors who work more with one gender than another may need more in-depth training

Approaches that work with Asian Americans

  • Religion tradition plays a huge part
  • If a person is troubled may believe that they are possessed by a bad spirit or may be suffering because they have violated something within religion
  • Strong counseling relationship and positive
  • It is crucial counselors appreciate history and unique characteristics

Reflection

Counseling Aged Populations

  • Development is defined as the systematic change that is lifelong and cumulative
  • Throughout our lives we develop on a number of levels including: cognitively, emotionally, physically, and spiritually
  • Developmental problems occur if development doesn't occur within an expected time dimension

A number of distinctions exist between counseling women as opposed to counseling men.

What factors do you think we need to be most aware of?

What overlap is there when counseling both sexes?

Association for Adult Development and Aging

Old Age

  • A division with the ACA that focuses on chronological life-span growth after adolescence, but it is concerned ultimately with the entire life span
  • Focuses on theorists such as Jean Piaget, Lawrence Kohlberg, Erik Erikson, Carol Gilligan, and Nancy Schlossberg
  • Young old
  • Between 65- 75 years old
  • Still active physically, mentally, and socially, regardless of retirement
  • Old
  • Beyond 75 years
  • Physical activity is far more limited than young old
  • Old-old
  • 85 years or older
  • Are usually in decline
  • The effects of deterioration are usually more apparent in old-old population

Ageism- negative attitudes and stereotypes related to age

"The Age Mystic" - individuals who are growing older frequently deny and dread the process of aging

Needs of the Aged

  • Older adults of the United States go through a wide variety of changes in their transition from midlife to senior citizenship
  • What are some of the changes they go through? What are some of their "new" needs?
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