Normative information
- The CTONI-2 was normed on a sample of 2,827 persons in 10 states: AL, GA, CA, LO, MINN, NY, ND, TE, VA, and WA.
- The majority of the norm sample was tested in the fall and winter of 2007 and in the Spring of 2008.
- Major testing sites were in the South, West, Northeast, and Midwest.
- Examiners were asked to test 20 individuals between ages 6 and 89.
- 97% of the norm data were collected from the major sites.
- 95% of the norm sample was tested using the English oral instructions.
- 5% were tested using the pantomime instructions.
- Non-english option added later.
Age equivalents
"Mental ages"
These scores are derived by calculating the average normative groups score at each six month interval.
Through process of interpolation, extrapolation, and smoothing, age equivalents are generated for each raw score point achieved on a subtest.
The score is converted to Age equivalent using a conversion chart.
Scaled scores for Subtests
Developed by using a continuous norming procedure, which used polynomial regression to fit the progression of means, standard deviation, skewness, and kurtosis across ages.
Given the fitted values of skewness and kurtosis, we determine the shape of the distribution of the scores and percentiles and convert it into scaled scores at each age level.
The CTONI 2 has four types of normative scores
- Age equivalents
- Percentile ranks
- Scaled scores for subtests
- Composite indexes
Percentile ranks
- these ranks indicate the percentage of the standardization sample that is equal to or below any particular percentile.
Composites
Composite indexes
- There are 3 composites in this assessment. (Pictorial Scale, Geometric Scale, and Full Scale)
- Pictorial Scale is formed by combining the scaled scores of the subtests that use pictures of objects
- Geometric Scale is formed by combining the scaled scores of the three subtests that use images involving points, lines, angles, surfaces, and solids.
- Full Scale is formed by combining all of all six subtests. (Most reliable)
Calculated by applying a direct linear transformation to the sums of scaled scores to obtain a distribution with a mean of 100 and a standard deviation of 15.
- Most useful scores because they are the most reliable scores.
Validity
Reliability
Purpose and Scope
What is CTONI-2
- Published in 1996
- Norm referenced test to evaluate the general intelligence of individuals between the ages of 6 and 89-11 whose performance on traditional tests might be underestimated.
- CTONI-2 is a valid measure of general intelligence
Tested on
- Content description validity
- Criterion-prediction validity
- Construct-identification validity
- The manual describes the validity of this test compared to other tests including the first version of CTONI-2.
- Significantly higher
- The test is relative to three sources of test error
- Content
- Time
- Scorer difference
- The minimum standard for a reliabiltiy coefficient should be .90, and CTONI-2 indexes meet this standard for the most part. These
- These test results prove that the test has little test error.
Comprehensive Test of Nonverbal Intelligence (CTONI2)
- Evaluate the intellectual status of people who are language disordered, non-English speaking, deaf or hearing damaged, or any other indication for individuals that have difficulty in verbal testing.
Subsets 1 &2
Pictorial Analogies and Geometric Analogies use a 2 x 2 Matrix format to measure highly complex cognitive ability.
- CTONI-2 has two main uses
- First, to calculate the intelligence of people that find traditional tests inappropriate.
- Heavy language content on tests may result in the underestimation of their intelligence.
- the use of CTONI-2 will avoid many of those hazards with language disabilities or come from backgrounds that will negatively influence their testing ability.
- Second, it provides researchers with a tool
- they can use to study the nature of intelligence
- the relationship of verbal and nonverbal abilities
- and the role of non-verbal arrangement in testing thinking and academic subject matters.
Students demonstrate their knowledge by pointing to one of the choices items into the blank box
"This is to that, this is to what"
Subtests
- Six subtests that make up CTONI-2
- Subtest 1-Pictorial Analogies
- Subtest 2-Geometric Analogies
- Subtest 3-Pictorial Categories
- Subtest 4-Geometric Categories
- Subtest 5-Pictorial Sequences
- Subtest 6- Geometric Sequences
Subsets 5 & 6
Subsets 3 &4
Pictorial Sequences and Geometric Sequences use a problem solving progression format.
Pictorial Categories and Geometric Categories have test takers deduce the relationship between two stimulus figures and to select from the choice items which one that relates to the stimulus figures.
Students are shown a series of boxes that contain different figures bearing some sequential relationship to one another.
Which of these is related to those?
Students display their knowledge by pointing to the picture that completes the sequential progression.
The students need to recognize the rule that is guiding the progression of the figures.
Advantages and Disadvantages
Designed to assess all manner of abilities by using formats that minimize the influence of oral or written language.
- Instructions given orally by gestures
- Pantomime
- Sign language
- Content must not involve words in anyway
Advantages
Disadvantages
There were no follow up assessments listed in the manual.
- Child may lose focus on the exam while they have to continue it on their own
- There are no labels on the pictures
- Instructor must be sitting next to the examinee.
- Limited to instruction:
- No-grab finger and point to correct answer
- yes-smile
- Do this one by yourself
- Do the rest by yourself
- All new normative data were collected in 2007 and 2008
- the floor effects present in the first edition are gone
- the study of item bias has grew
- New oral instructions for non-english languages spoken in the U.S
- An addition of more studies with larger numbers of more subjects to promote reliability and validity
- Overall look at the test has been updated and enhanced (some items redrawn, and all picture items are colored to make them more interesting)
- examinee just has to point to the correct answer