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The Formal Structure:

The Concept of Bureaucracy

Introduction

Bureaucracy

Chapter Two

2. The Position of the Official

Max Weber

Bureaucracy

11. Economic and Social Consequences of Bureaucracy

Bureaucracy

10. The Permanent Character of the Bureaucratic Machine

Page 61

"Often bureaucratization has been carried out in direct alliance with capitalist interests"

Page 62

"Under certain conditions, democracy creates obvious ruptures and blockages to bureaucratic organization"

Page 60

"Once it is fully established, bureaucracy is among those social structures which are the hardest do destroy"

"The idea of eliminating these organizations becomes more and more utopian"

Page 55

I. "Entrance into an office, including one in the private economy, is considered an acceptance of a specific obligation of faithful management in return for a secure existence."

Page 56

II. 2. "The pure type of bureaucratic official is appointed by a superior authority.

Page 58

5. "The official is set for a 'career' within the hierarchical order of the public service. He moves from the lower lower, less important, and lower paid to the higher positions"

German social scientist, Max Weber (1864-1920), developed a comprehensive and classic formulation of the characteristics of bureaucracy

- Belief that civilization evolved from primitive to rational and complex

- A Progressive "demystification" of humanity

- Three types of authorities

Bureaucracy

12. The Power Position of Bureaucracy

Page 62

"Everywhere the modern state is undergoing bureaucratization"

"The fact that bureaucratic organizations is technically the most highly developed means of power in the hands of the man who controls it does not determine the weight that bureaucracy as such is capable of having in a particular social structure"

Bureaucracy

6. Technical Advantages of Bureaucratic Organization

Page 59

"Precision, speed, unambiguity, knowledge of the files, continuity, discretion, unity, strict subordination, reduction of friction and of material and personal costs-these are raised to the optimum point in the strictly bureaucratic administration"

Page 60

"Its specific nature, which is welcomed by capitalism, develops the more perfectly the more the bureaucracy is 'dehumanized' (...) eliminating all purely personal, irrational, and emotional elements which escape calculation."

*Economy demands the 'calculability' of results

Three "ideal types" of Authority

2. The Charismatic Authority

1. The Traditional Authority of primitive societies

- Based on personal qualities and attractiveness of leaders (charisma)

- Religious founders, military leaders, or even popular party leaders

- "Family of rulers"

Believed to be just and right

- Time, precedent, and tradition would legitimate their authority

Three "ideal types" of Authority

Bureaucracy

3. The "legal-rational" authority

- "Belief in the legitimacy of the pattern of normative rules and the rights of those elevated to authority under such rules to issue commands."

- Power to the office rather than in the person who occupies it

- It appears under the form of bureaucracy in the institutional form. Central role in ordering and controlling societies

- Indispensable

- "means of officials working in offices"

The 3 main attributes to bureaucracy:

- Division of labor (work rationally divided into competent units)

- Hierarchical order (separation of superiors from subordinates)

- Impersonal rules (bureaucrats' choices are confined by prescribed pattern of conduct imposed by legal rules)

* Human relationships, freedom, leadership roles

Bureaucracy

Understanding of the formal institutional structure of public administration

1. Characteristics of Bureaucracy

Page 55

"The reduction of modern office management to rules is deeply embedded in its very nature. The theory of modern public administration, for instance, assumes that the authority to order certain matters by decree does not entitle the bureau to regulate the matter by commands given for each case, but only to regulate the matter abstractly."

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