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Anne Caroline Maxwell

Works Cited

  • Born in Bristol NY (March 14, 1851)
  • Sometimes described as the American Florence Nightingale
  • Eldest daughter of John Eglinton Maxwell, a baptist minister, and Diantha Caroline Brown
  • Family moved to Canada when she was a small child

  • Anna Caroline Maxwell (1851-1929) 1996 Inductee. (n.d.). Retrieved September 12, 2015, from http://www.nursingworld.org/AnnaCarolineMaxwell
  • Anna Caroline Maxwell Biography of a Famous Nurse in the Army. (n.d.). Retrieved September 11, 2015, from http://www.jacksonvilleu.com/resources/history-of-nursing/anna-caroline-maxwell/#.VkoKVHarSM8
  • Anna Caroline Maxwell, R.N., M.A. The American Journal of Nursing Vol. 21, No. 10 (Jul., 1921), pp. 688-697. (n.d.). Retrieved September 4, 2015.
  • Anna Maxwell, the American Florence Nightingale. (2015). Retrieved November 20, 2015, from http://www.workingnurse.com/articles/anna-maxwell-the-american-florence-nightingale
  • Find A Grave - Millions of Cemetery Records and Online Memorials. (2007). Retrieved November 23, 2015, from http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=18013863
  • Lippincott, Williams., & Wilkins. (1921). Anna Caroline Maxwell, R.N, M.A. The American Journal of Nursing, Volume 21, Number 10, pages 688-697. DOI: 10.2307/3407031
  • Maxwell, Anna Caroline. (n.d.). Retrieved September 9, 2015, from http://web.a.ebscohost.com.ccc.idm.oclc.org/ehost/detail/detail?sid=812841be-87b4-41b9-94ef-db8846e8d2f2@sessionmgr4001&vid=4&hid=4106&bdata=JnNpdGU9ZWhvc3QtbGl2ZQ==#AN=203083044&db=brb
  • The History of Nursing. (2014, September 11). Retrieved October 6, 2015, from http://www.nursingschoolhub.com/history-nursing/
  • Weatherford, D. (n.d.). The Evolution of Nursing. Retrieved October 6, 2015, from http://www.nwhm.org/blog/the-evolution-of-nursing/
  • [Untitled illustration of students receiving their caps] (1943). Retrieved November 8, 2015 from http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/741581_5

Education and Career History

  • Initially home schooled by tutors, but entered boarding school later in life
  • In 1874 she received 3 months of obstetrical training at New England Hospital
  • From 1876-1880 she attended the training school of the Boston City Hospital
  • Helped establish Montreal General Hospital in 1880, but due to disorganization at the establishment she chose to leave after 6 months to visit Hospitals in England

"Anna Caroline Maxwell... for more than 35 years gave talent, knowledge, and high devotion to the training of nurses for their important place in modern life; she always held the highest professional ideals and earnesty inculcating them in others..." - Nicholas Butler, President of Columbia University (1917)

What Could She Have Done Differently

How career made an impact on Nursing Education

History of Nursing in the U.S.

(1892) Established a training school at Presbyterian Hospital in NYC

(1881-1889) Became superintendent of the Training School for Nurses of Massachusetts Hospital

  • Maintained an excellent staff of graduate nurses in teaching and supervisory positions
  • Demanded high entrance requirements
  • Had strict standards of performance
  • Curriculum included 2 years of classroom and clinical experience
  • med/surg and obstetrics
  • later she added contagious diseases
  • By 1917, the program provided nurses with BSN from Columbia University and a nursing diploma from Presbyterian Hospital
  • Nurse's residence was built
  • Library for school was established
  • Nurses were relieved of many housekeeping duties
  • Improvement in selection of women applying for entrance

As a recap, Caroline Maxwell

  • fought for better education for nurses
  • helped establish higher respect towards nursing
  • improved sanitary conditions of Georgia Field Hospital, saving many lives
  • helped get the Army Corps of Nursing established

Caroline Maxwell did so much to improve nursing, however she could have done some things differently..

  • she started to establish nursing school in Montreal (Canada), but left due to disorganization
  • we think she should have stayed to further establish higher nursing education in Canada
  • Absence of Catholicism meant different nursing path than Europe - nurses were not primarily nuns
  • In the 1700s almshouses came from Europe to the U.S.
  • not equipped to deal with actual acute illnesses, more for flu and cold
  • primarily for poor, elderly, and distressed people
  • Before the 19th century, most sick care took place in the home
  • In 1900s hospitals took charge in running nursing schools
  • run by nurses
  • this allowed a more hands on approach in training and gave nurses access to necessary tools to train more efficiently
  • this change allowed more emphasis to be put on getting a nursing degree

Caroline Maxwell

Nursing Education

  • Before the 20th century, nursing students were similar to nuns: forbidden to marry, strictly disciplined, not paid
  • Many students spent their days scrubbing floors, doing laundry, and other menial tasks
  • Curricula began to improve because of a "cap" tradition
  • each nursing school had a distinctive cap that nurses wore when they graduated
  • because educational backround was visible everyday, nursing schools began to raise their standards to affirm their quality

Involvement in the Spanish American War

Impact on Nursing Education

  • Maxwell petitioned to the surgeon general to bring trained nurses to military hospitals to care for the sick and wounded
  • Sent to Chicamauga, Georgia and found inadequate sanitation, rampant disease, and a high death rate
  • She was successful at implementing measures to reduce the risk of infections and typhoid deaths during the war
  • Trained and organized 160 nurses during the war
  • Thanks to her work during the war, the Army Corps of Nurses was established in 1901
  • led to award of military rank for nurses who served
  • Strong advocate for nursing education and a "guide to upholding nursing standards"
  • Established committees, nursing schools, and organizations that helped the nursing profession through better educated nurses, and improving the public view of nurses in general

Died January 2nd, 1929 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with full military honors

A Few Highlights

  • Charter member of the following organizations:
  • American Society of Superintendants of Training Schools for Nurses (1893)
  • International Council of Nurses (1899)
  • American Red Cross Nursing Services (1899)
  • forerunner of the following organizations:
  • National League for Nursing
  • Nurses Associated Alumnae of the United States and Canada (1897)
  • Co authored Practical Nursing: A textbook for Nurses
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