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Bibliography

http://www.great-lakes.net/

http://www.wordcounter.net/

http://www.canadiangeographic.ca/

https://www.lcmm.org/navigating/QuadCurriculum_Glaciers.pdf

http://geography.about.com/library/weekly/aa030298.htm

http://geography.about.com/od/urbaneconomicgeography/a/eriecanal.htm

http://www.great-lakes.net/envt/flora-fauna/invasive/goby.html

http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/09/17/savannah-river-shipping-channel_n_1890237.html

The Great Lakes

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercyclesummary.html

http://water.usgs.gov/edu/watercycletranspiration.html

The Great lake Basin

Invasive Species

Major drainage basins of Michigan

Quagga Muscle

By: Joey Ketzler, and Christian Bartley

1/26/15 4th hour

Rusty Crayfish

what is a drainage basin

a drainage basin is a route in which precipitation (rain, snow, or even melted ice) travels to continue its way down the water cycle. It starts out when water appears in the watershed of a specific area. All this water piles up at one point at a lower elevation. Which the exit point of the water being a lake, river, sea, ocean, stream.

Environmental Damage

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

They are non-discriminatory, opportunistic feeders that eat aquatic vegetation, worms, snails, leeches, clams, insects, other crustaceans, detritus, fish eggs and small fish. Their high metabolic rate allows them to consume twice as much food as a native crayfish thus reducing the diversity of aquatic vegetation and native fish.

Quagga muscles are effective in filtering in water for food and that removes large amounts of phytoplankton decreasing the food supply for zooplankton and forage fishes then impacting the entire food web.There have been significant impacts to the spring bloom of diatoms because of quagga infestations, affecting the lower food web.

Description

Description

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

Quagga mussels are fingernail-sized freshwater mollusks native to Ukraine and attach to objects and organisms. They are able to colonize soft substrate allowing them to spread to sand and sand like silt. They were first discovered in the Great Lakes in 1989 in Lake Erie.

Rusty crayfish live under areas where they can use rocks, logs and debris as cover and that is their permanent home. The are native the the Ohio River and other places in Ohio. They are hard to identify and some characteristics of it is it's large claws, and their dark rusty spots on the side of the carapace.

Round Goby

Environmental Damage

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

Round gobies have been linked to declines in populations of other bottom-dwelling fish like mottled sculpin, logperch, and darters.Gobies consume the eggs and fry of lake trout making a threat to this native species.Because round gobies contain less energy upon consumption than native prey, and ingest toxic substances by eating zebra and quagga mussels, this is problematic for these predator fish, which are also popular sport fish, causing an increase in human health risks for those anglers who eat their catch on a regular basis.

Description

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

Round goby was found in the Great Lakes first in the St. Clair River in 1990 and they are native to Eurasia. The round goby has traits like aggressive behavior, voracious feeding habits. They also have the ability to detect water movement, allowing them to feed in complete darkness.

Great lakes map

Lake Champlain

Length: 124.9 Miles

Breadth: 14 Miles

Avg. Depth 64 ft

Max Depth: 400 ft

Surface Area: 490 sq. Miles

Why was it considered the 6th great lake?

Lake Champlain was the 6th Great Lake for 18 days because President Bill Clinton signed a Bill which let the National Sea Grant Program (A network of colleges and universities) provide research though grants. But what most people didn't know was that Senator Patrick Leachy put a single line on the bill that declared Lake Champlain as the 6th Great Lake.

Our Opinions On The 6th Great Lake.

I disagree with Lake Champlain being one of the Great Lakes. One reason is the only reason why it was Great Lake is because of a grant program that helps fund a research. The lake doesn't need to be a Great Lake in order to get funded to from the people. Another reason is that it doesn't size up to the rest of the Great Lakes. Lake Champlain has a surface area of 435 sq. Miles while the smallest Great Lake surface area is 7,340 sq. mi. ~Christian

Lake Champlain has its own drainage basin which is what the other great lakes have that other lakes don't. This lake is less "great" when it comes to size but still has the same story as the other great lakes. A glacier retreated and created Lake Champlain's own drainage basin. Again not comparing up in size is not the point, I think the point is how it formed so i think it should be a 6th great lake. ~Joey

Lake Superior

Lake Huron

Lake Ontario

How the Great Lakes were formed

As glaciers were retreating from the south (because of the heat from the ending ice age around 20,000 years ago) the glaciers melted and left a lot of water behind and also created a lake basin. A basin is a large dip in the earths surface that was created by a natural force. For the great lakes that force is erosion by the massive glaciers.

Lake Michigan

Lake Erie

Table Of Contents

Eire Canal

Slides 3 & 4 -=- Formation of the great lakes

Slides 6 - 17 -=- Lakes and their figures

Slides 18 & 19 -=- The water cycle

Slides 20 - 23 -=- Drainage Basins

Slides 24 -=- Water flow though the Great Lakes

Slides 25 - 27 -=- Lake Champlain

Slides 28 - 30 -=- Erie Canal

Slides 31 - 40 -=- Invasive species

Slides 41 - 43 -=- Dredging Harbors

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

The Erie canal connected Lake Erie with the Atlantic Ocean making a way for invasive species to get to the great lakes. Invasive species could get to the lakes either by freight boat when they dump out their ballast water or they just swim down the river.

Environmental Damage

How was it made?

The construction of the Erie Canal started on July 4, 1817 in Rome, New york. Most of the canal contractors were wealthy farmers that lived along the canal path and they each made their own tiny part of the canal. Also thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal out with shovels and horse power. On October 25, 1825 the canal was finished.

What were the effects?

Round gobies have been linked to declines in populations of other bottom-dwelling fish like mottled sculpin, logperch, and darters.Gobies consume the eggs and fry of lake trout making a threat to this native species.Because round gobies contain less energy upon consumption than native prey, and ingest toxic substances by eating zebra and quagga mussels, this is problematic for these predator fish, which are also popular sport fish, causing an increase in human health risks for those anglers who eat their catch on a regular basis.

Lake Erie Facts

is the warmest and smallest great lake in surface area.

1.

by surface area it is the 11th largest lake in the world

2.

in lake Erie's basin there are 144 invasive species

3.

4.

has the best walleye fisheries in the world.

Lake Huron Facts

Lake Erie Figures

has the largest shoreline of all the great lakes

1.

Lake Michigan Facts

Length: 241 miles

Breadth: 57 miles

Avg. Depth: 62 ft.

Max Depth: 210 ft.

Volume: 116 cubic miles

Surface Area: 9,910 sq. miles

Drainage Basin: 30,140 sq. miles

2.

has 30000 islands

in 1916 waves there got over feet tall

3.

is home to freshwater's largest island the Manitoulin island

4.

over 3000 ships have sank in lake Michigan

3.

1.

The only Great lake that lies completely inside united states boundaries.

the 6th largest freshwater lake in the world in surface area

2.

4.

if one inch of water falls into lake Michigan it will gain 390 billion gallons of water

Lake Michigan Figures

Lake Huron Figures

Length: 307 miles

Breadth: 118 miles

Avg. Depth: 279 ft.

Max Depth: 925 ft.

Volume: 1,180 cubic miles

Surface Area: 22,300 sq. miles

Drainage Basin: 45,600 sq. miles

Length: 206 miles

Breadth: 183 miles

Avg. Depth: 195 ft.

Max Depth: 750 ft.

Volume: 850 cubic miles

Surface Area: 23,000 sq. miles

Drainage Basin: 51,700 sq. miles

Lake Superior Figures

Lake Superior Fun Facts

Length: 350 miles

Breadth: 160 miles

Avg. Depth: 483 ft

Max Depth: 1332 ft

Volume: 29,000 cubic miles

Surface Area: 31,700 sq. miles

Drainage Basin: 49,300 sq. miles

Has over 400 islands

2.

1.

Worlds largest fresh water lake by surface area

4.

Over 300 streams and rivers empty into Lake Superior.

3.

Waves of over 40 feet in height have been recorded on Lake Superior

Dredging Harbors in Michigan

Water flow to the oceans

From Oakland county if we were to squirt a hose on the grass the water would go into a lower elevated (land) stream and then go into the Clinton river. From there the Clinton river would end in Lake Huron, take the St. Clair river south, into Lake St. Clair, into the Detroit river ending in Lake Erie. From there you go through the Niagara river down the Niagara falls and into Lake Ontario, and then the St. Lawrence river connects to the St. Lawrence Gulf into the north Atlantic ocean.

Oakland

county

different rivers

the water

ends up flowing to

Water Cycle

435 words

2566 characters

The water cycle doesn't have any specific starting point, because it is an endless cycle. But we can start in the Great Lakes. Starting from the Great Lakes some of the water evaporates into the atmosphere. Evaporation is the process when liquid turns into a gas. This is called water vapor. After that the vapor condenses into clouds. Condensation is when water vapor in the air is changed into a liquid. Once the clouds get so condensed water, snow, hail, etc. fall down as precipitation. Precipitation is when condensed droplets of water vapor fall from clouds. Most precipitation falls onto the ground as surface runoff, some water infiltrates the ground while some run-off into a body of water, which would most likely be an ocean. Surface run-off is when precipitation hit a object that is not capable of absorbing the precipitation so it just runs off downhill of the object like rain running-off your driveway and the road and the water gets evaporated. Infiltration is when precipitation enters the subsurface of a object like soil or our jackets and the amount that infiltrates depends on how absorbent the object is that it infiltrates. Some of the water that infiltrates the ground gets sucked up by plant's roots and the plants use the minerals in the water then the water gets evaporated by transpiration. There are also three other parts of the water cycle that are not mentioned often on your local weather channel. These are perspiration, transpiration, and respiration. Perspiration is when people intake water and then sweat, the sweat is then evaporated off the skin and then continues its way through the water cycle. Transpiration is when plants intake water through their roots and lose the in taken water through the leaves and then evaporates. This actually accounts for almost 10% of all evaporation. Lastly is respiration, respiration is when animals breathe and release water vapor from their lungs, and this water vapor goes into the atmosphere. There is also something called combustion, combustion is when humans release by product gasses into the atmosphere, this is what creates acid rain. So these are the basic water cycle steps. Without the water cycle I believe a number of things will happen one being there would be no climate because of no weather, shore lines would rise because no water would be in the atmosphere. Bottom line we would die the oceans and lakes would dry up by seeping into the ground and there would be no drinking water and we would all die. So don't take the water cycle for granted. It is very important.

Why do we dredge?

Why is dredging controversial?

Dredging is controversial because we don't know of any past unregulated discharges into waterways, a portion of dredging were commonly contaminated with industrial substances. The material that we dredge out can be harmful to us, animals and plants.

We dredge to remove rock, sand, gravel, mud and clay from the bottom of waterways to create or

maintain depth for boats and/or other purposes.

What do we do with the material?

Our opinions on dredging

I think dredging is fine as long as we know the material we are dredging out and we are putting the material we dredge out into a contained spot that cannot affect us.

~ Christian

We put the the material from the water into a confined disposal area because of the unregulated substances.

My opinion is that dredging is beneficial to humans

without hurting animals. It is used to replenish beaches that have been taken out by erosion and doesn't hurt animals unless a major accident happens aboard a dredging ship. Also humans can create new water ways

for ships so it is only beneficial. ~Joey

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