The Industrial Revolution
Social and economic reorganization that took place as machines replaced hand tools and large scale factory production developed.
The year is 1790 and the nation is the United States. The scene is a small rural village in New England.
Draw a river across your paper connecting east to west. The river should be about 1/2 inch wide.
Draw a simple wooden bridge crossing the river.
Draw two roads-
- one running north to south and crossing the river at the bridge
- one running from east to west
Neither road need be a straight line.
Draw ten houses, one church, one cemetery, one store, one pub and at least fifty trees
Our textile industry relies on the outwork or piecework system
Entrepreneurs (merchants) distribute raw materials to workers (usually women) in their homes.
Entrepreneurs:
- own raw materials,
- pay for work
- find a market for products (risk)
Women/Children Make:
- clothing
- food products
- textiles
- wood products
The idea is that women can...
- work
- keep house
- care for children
without threatening the authority of their husbands.
The piecework system=
- very inefficient
- doesn’t work for everything.
The Industrial Revolution in England
The British have come up with ways to generate power using...
Water...
...and coal/steam.
Power-driven machinery used to produce thread and cloth on a large scale
Britain is the world's leading manufacturing nation.
The year is 1793. Great Britain tries to guard the secrets of its new machinery.
However, a skilled English textile worker named Samuel Slater has come (illegally) to the U.S.
Slater understands British textile machines
From memory, he builds machinery used to spin cotton into thread.
Slater builds America’s first water-powered cotton mill in Pawtucket, RI.
Slater’s cotton mill mechanizes the first step in manufacturing cloth.
1793
Build one cotton mill. Remember that this mill draws its power from water!
Mill Villages
Entire families work in Slater's mills.
Workers often
- live in company housing
- shop at company stores
- attend company churches
These communities are called mill villages.
Slater later builds Slatersville, a large, successful mill village.
Home to largest mill building of the day
Construct a mill village with 1 mill, 2 tenements for workers, a company store, a church, and the owner’s house.
1798
Eli Whitney has introduced interchangeable parts for manufacturing muskets.
Before, guns produced one at a time by hand
Each part is made to fit that one weapon
Now machines will manufacture large quantities of identical parts.
Muskets can now be produced quickly and cheaply
Defective parts can be replaced easily
This system will be adapted to many other products and spread throughout the world.
1807-1813
The Embargo Act of 1807 and the War of 1812 have created a need for domestic industry in America.
Even after the introduction of Slater’s cotton mill, actual cloth is still being woven under the cottage industry system
Francis Lowell of Boston has designed a power loom, recreating from memory one he saw during a trip to England.
Lowell makes improvements to the power loom.
Machine can spin and weave cloth 100 times faster than by hand.
In 1813 Lowell opens 1st weaving factory using power machinery in the U.S.
Build one factory (must be next to the river)
Lowell mill needs cheap labor, so it employs young farm women (teenagers).
To reassure families of female workers:
- Boarding House
- Church
- School
Added to Lowell Mill Village
Build 1 school, 1 church and 1 boarding house next to the Lowell mill.
Because the factory system is more productive, efficient, cost-effective, and profitable, it has replaced cottage industry.
1,350 cotton mills have been built and are currently being operated in the U.S.
New factories are built in your community and, as an enterprising young capitalist you decide to invest money in the construction of a factory.
Build 5 more factories in your village (1 of which you own)(must be on the river).
- Factories are more productive
- People unable to compete with factory cloth production
Many poor families lose their jobs.
As a result, we have an abundant supply of workers. Our factories are now employing 75,000 people.
Unemployed workers from surrounding areas flock to your village to find work in the factories. Although wages are very low, they look attractive to starving families.
Add 15 houses, 1 church, 1 pub and 1 store. You may draw additional roads and 1 additional bridge.
Factories are producing $46 million worth of cotton goods annually. The wool industry is also flourishing, and Americans produce $20 million worth of woolen cloth annually.
As investors and factory owners continue to get rich, add 2 nicer houses. Since you invested your money, thereby making a tidy profit, build yourself 1 nice home, as well, anywhere on the map you would like it to be.
In 1846, Elias Howe invents the sewing machine.
Demand for cotton and woolen cloth increases
Build another factory and 5 more houses. At this point you may start clearing trees.
Workers work long hours in factories (6am-9pm)
After work, exhausted, “stressed out” workers stop at their local pub for some relaxation. Alcohol is consumed in record amounts.
Add 2 more pubs.
The South and West
Little incentive to industrialize
Making huge profits on cotton thanks to the Cotton Gin
The Cotton Gin
The cotton gin is a machine for cleaning the seeds from short-staple cotton .
Two types of cotton--
short staple, and long staple.
Short staple is easy to grow, but hard to clean.
“Teeth” in the cotton gin separate the seeds from the cotton.
Cotton gin cleans cotton 50 times faster than hand labor
From 1790 to 1810 cotton production increased from 3,000 bales/yr to 178,ooo bales/yr and the slave population increased from 700,000 slaves to 1,200,000.
The cotton gin and the plantation system of farming has transformed Louisiana, Georgia, Mississippi and Alabama into a booming cotton kingdom
Americans in the west have begun to commercialize their farming and mass produce crops.
The Steel Plow (1837)
- Invented by John Deere
- Oxen replaced by Horses
Cyrus McCormick patents the first successful horse-drawn grain reaper.
- ends tedious handiwork
- encourages invention and manufacture of labor-saving farm implements and machinery.
The McCormick Reaper
- harvest more grain than five men using earlier models
- allows farm families to greatly increase wheat/corn output.
The result:
- small subsistence farms no longer harvest multiple types of crops
- most concentrate their efforts on one crop
- Specialization of skills has become an emerging trend.
The American System
After the War of 1812 --
English manufacturers attempted to regain their American markets by shipping and selling large quantities of goods at low prices.
Tariff of 1816
- Protective Tariff
- Passed in 1816
- Prevent destruction/encouraged growth of American industries
- Duty on foreign imports raised
- Americans can undersell foreign competitors
3 Points of the American System:
A high protective tariff to protect and promote American industry
The Second Bank of the United States is chartered for a 20 year period
Federal subsidies to fund the development of transportation systems and internal improvements
With the help of federal subsidies, improvements in transportation emerge to aid the demands of the growing economy.
Turnpikes are beginning to replace roads.
In 1811, the government sponsored the construction of the first national road, aka the Cumberland Road.
The road opened in 1818, and was built with the best technology, with excellent bridges and a macadamized or smooth surface.
Roads like this provide safer travel and connect different regions of the country.
Build 1 highway to run through your village.
Canals
The nation’s 1st major canal, the Erie Canal was completed in 1825.
This 363-mile “Big Ditch” linked the Hudson River with Lake Erie.
Thousands of British, German, and Irish immigrants dug the canal with shovels and horse power. Laborers were paid .$80-$1 per day--3x what they earned in Europe.
Roughly the same distance between Montgomery, Alabama and Savannah, Georgia.
Shipping charges are cut from 19 cents a ton per mile to 2 cents and NYC is the dominant port in America.
The Erie Canal’s success led to other canal projects.
Canals are opening up the heartland of America to world markets.
By 1837, over 3,000 miles of canals had been constructed in the U.S.
Construct 1 canal. It must run parallel to the river
The steamboat is invented by Robert Fulton in 1807
James Watt invented the steam engine, but Robert Fulton is famous for commercializing the steamboat.
Rather than canals, most southern passengers rely on the steamboat.
Provides a means of reliable upriver transport.
Encourages the growth of villages and towns along the rivers.
Huge stacks of wood carted in from the countryside appear wherever the steamboats regularly stop for fuel; new stores sell the goods transported on the river.
Add 1 new store along the river.
The steamboat allow northwest and southern farmers to sell products in the North.
These steamboats thus helped unite the economic life of the North and South
Railroads
The "Tom Thumb" of 1830 was the first American built steam locomotive used on a passenger railroad. However, it was not very successful- it lost a race to a horse drawn car.
Camden and Amboy Railroad (1831)
- First successful railroad
- Est. in New Jersey
The first three Massachusetts railroads were completed by 1835.
By the end of 1840, these railroads operated 285 miles of track, with an additional 80 miles in three neighboring states.
New industries emerge to meet the railroads demands for iron, steel, and coal.
Build 1 major railroad line and 1 coal mine. The railroad line must connect with the coal mine. Also build another tenement to house the coal miners.
Coal Mining
Demand for coal rises greatly
Coal miners are adults and children, typically between the ages of 8 and 14.
The work is dangerous and unhealthy. Children become victims of black lung, explosions, & accidents. Their growth is stunted as they spend their 14 hour day stooped over. They are malnourished and unable to exercise or eat properly. Casualty rates go up.
Draw 1 cemetery.
Important Inventions
1836
Samuel Colt invents...
First revolving-breech loading firearm
1837-38
Samuel Morse invents...
The Telegraph and...
Morse Code
1839
Charles Goodyear invents...
Vulcanized Rubber
Rubber was used for several purposes, but could not withstand extreme temperatures. Goodyear patents the process of removing sulfur from rubber, which allows it to retain elasticity under extreme heat or cold.
1857
George Pullman invents...
The Pullman Sleeping Car
Makes commercial rail travel more comfortable/popular
1866
Alfred Nobel invents...
Dynamite
Wanted to name it "Nobel's Safety Powder"...but settled instead on the Greek word for "power"
After his death, Nobel uses his fortune to create the Nobel Prizes
Prizes are awarded for eminence in physical science, chemistry, and in medical science or physiology.
The fourth is for literary work "in an ideal direction".
The fifth prize is to be given to the person or society that renders the greatest service to the cause of international fraternity, in the suppression or reduction of standing armies, or in the establishment or furtherance of peace congresses.
Conditions and Aftermath
This new “revolution” in transportation is drawing people to your community. Soon there becomes a surplus of workers.
Housing is in great demand, but land close to the factories is in short supply. The demand for tenement housing is increasing.
Destroy 10 houses and add 3 Tenements in their place.
More workers need to live, eat, shop, drink, worship. We need the social support services to go along with the demand.
Since workers in the factories work 6 days a week, the only day of rest is Sunday. People flock to your churches so make them convenient for their tired feet.
Add 1 store, 1 pub, 1 church, & 1 school for those families wealthy enough to send their children (boys) to school.
Capitalists who wish to ensure their profits decide to hire women and children over men because they can perform the same factory labor at one-half to one-quarter the price. More and more children leave their homes to work.
Depressed, ashamed, and angry about their wives and children toiling in factories, many men turn to crime, and the social life of the pub.
Alcoholism increasingly becomes a problem and family life is disrupted. Family members seldom eat together or see each other.
Add 1 jail, 2 pubs and 2 tenements.
Working conditions in the factories have become appalling. Many workers are injured on the job in factory accidents.
There are no protective railings around the huge moving mechanical parts of machinery. Children, weakened from lack of proper sleep or diet, stumble into machinery and are mutilated.
Women with long hair that comes undone often find themselves caught in moving machinery. Regardless, if you are unable to work, you are fired. There is no health insurance.
Add 2 hospitals and 1 more cemetery.
There are no pollution controls so the air in your community is starting to look darker.
The river that once flowed through your quiet village is now unfit for drinking, bathing, or laundry.
The average life expectancy for the poor classes is now 30 to 35 years of age.
Your city is starting to become overcrowded. The noises, the loss of privacy, & the loss of the family unit shatters the peace of the old ways.
Suicide rates increase.
Add 1 cemetery, 1 jail, and 1 hospital to accommodate the victims of a more urban lifestyle.
Effects of the Industrial Revolution
Before the Industrial Revolution, the majority of Americans lived in rural areas.
With the rising demand for workers to operate the new machinery, many Americans turned from farming to industry to earn a living.
Between 1800 and 1860 the number of cities with a population of 8,000 or more rose from 6 to 141.
Overcrowding created several problems:
- housing
- disease control
- food/water supply
- waste disposal
- police/fire protection
- transportation
- recreation
- education
Because of new innovations in industry and transportation, Americans were able to produce more, make more profit, and consume more.
As a result...
The early/mid 19th century witnessed the emergence of a consumer class
and so....
Industrial revolution + Transportation revolution= rise of a market economy
Sectionalism Vs. Nationalism
Devotion to local rather than national customs or interests.
Britain was selling goods (iron, textiles, etc.) FAR below cost of American-made goods
President Madison proposes a tariff on imports to:
- destroy British price advantage
- fund internal improvements (roads, canals, etc.)
People in the Northeast and South/West have different opinions on the tariff.
In Northeast tariff=relief
- Economy depends on manufacturing
- Britain is taking their business
In South/West tariff=outrage
- Profit from selling cotton to Britain
- Do not want more expensive goods
Henry Clay (West) and John C. Calhoun (South) convince these regions to approve the tariff.
Most Americans believe a national bank would benefit all
National currency would make business deals between regions easier
Congress chartered the Second Bank of the United States for a 20 year period in 1816
Robert Fulton and Robert Livingston hold a charter from NY legislature to run steamboats on rivers in that state.
Aaron Ogden believes he is the only operator licensed to run ships between NY and NJ
Then along came Thomas Gibbons...
Ogden takes Gibbons to court...
Gibbons appeals the decision...
And then he appeals it again...
The case makes it to the Supreme Court
S. Court Ruling:
- Only the federal gvt can regulate interstate commerce
- The "exclusive" charter held by Ogden (the one who brought the case in the first place), was not legal because it crossed state lines.
And we care because...?
- This case gives the gvt power to regulate almost everything that crosses state lines
- Television
- Air Traffic
- Radio Waves
- Even Cellular Communications
Maryland placed a heavy tax on the local branch of the BUS
Wanted the bank to fail
John Marshall ruled this was the same as a state overturning Congressional laws
Supremacy Clause
- Maryland did not have right to tax the bank
- "The power to tax is the power to destroy."
- BUS is constitutional
Belief that national interests should be placed ahead of regional concerns or the interests of other countries.
Secretary of State, John Quincy Adams, focuses on national security and expanding US boundaries
JQA negotiates the Rush-Bagot Treaty in 1817 to demilitarize the US-Canadian border.
In the Convention of 1818, JQA convinces Britain to fix the US border at the 49th parallel.
JQA also convinces Britain to co-occupy the Oregon Territory with the US
By 1819, Spain is too weak to manage New World territories.
JQA negotiates the Adams-Onis Treaty:
- Spain cedes Florida to US
- Spain withdraws claim to Oregon Territory
JQA's foreign policy guided by nationalism
After Napoleon's defeat, Spain wants their New World colonies back.
US wants to acquire territories in northern Mexico, and Spanish Cuba.
Russian trading posts in modern day California
Russian actions in California disrupt trade with China
In 1823 Monroe makes an address to Congress:
Basically, Monroe is warning ALL outside powers to stay out of affairs in the Western Hemisphere.
Any attempt at further colonization considered an act of aggression
US will also stay out of outside powers' business
Reasons for moving westward?
Escape debt or the law
Easy to change occupations
Economic gain:
- plenty of cheap, fertile land
In 1819, Missouri petitioned to become a state
This request sparked a conflict over slavery
South wants Missouri to allow slavery, North wants it outlawed
There were 11 free states and 11 slave states
NY's James Tallmadge amends Missouri statehood bill--requires Missouri to free its slaves gradually.
South blocks this
Talk of civil war and ending the union ensues
"We have the wolf by the ears, and we can neither hold him, nor safely let him go."
-TJ
Under Henry Clay's direction, Congress manages to resolve the issue
1. Maine admitted as a free state
2. Missouri admitted as a slave state
This preserves the sectional balance in the Senate
3. Louisiana Territory split in two parts at the 36 30' north latitude
North of this line slavery is illegal
South of this line slavery is legal
http://www.teachingamericanhistory.org/neh/interactives/sectionalism/lesson1/
Born in the Carolinas in 1767
During the Revolutionary War, joined local militia at age 13
Spent time as a prisoner of the British. Scars, small pox, lost two brothers and his mother.
Lawyer, Senator, House of Reps, slave/plantation owner
Battle of New Orleans victory
"Old Hickory"
Reputation for being quick to anger--Defended his honor in over 100 duels.
Henry Clay uses his influence to sway the electoral vote toward JQA. (Corrupt bargain?)
Jacksonians form the Democratic-Republican Party. (Future Democratic Party)
During Adams' presidency states ease voting requirements on property qualifications, increasing the voting population
This helps Jackson in the next election
JQA v. Jackson again
Election divided on party lines
Jackson portrayed Adams as an intellectual elitist, and himself as a common, everyday man of humble origins.
Extremely bitter election. Candidates make repeated personal attacks on each other. Adams attacked Jackson for his violent demeanor and his marriage, Jackson attacked Adams for his alleged activities as a diplomat.
During the election, Jackson's opponents referred to him as a "jackass". Jackson liked the name and used the jackass as a symbol for a while, but it died out. However, it later became the symbol for the Democratic Party when cartoonist Thomas Nast popularized it.
Jackson wins by a landslide
Jackson enacts the Spoils System--replaces 10% of federal employees from Adams' presidency with loyal Jacksonians
"To the victor belong the spoils of the enemy"
Expanded Suffrage
The Jacksonians believed that voting rights should be extended to all white men. By 1850 nearly all voting requirements to own property or pay taxes had been dropped.
Manifest Destiny
The belief that white Americans were destined to settle the American West and expand control from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific.
The Spoils System
Also known as patronage, the spoils system was the policy of placing political supporters into appointed offices. Jacksonians believed holding office too long was corrupting, so civil servants were rotated out of office regularly. Emphasis on party loyalty above any other qualifications often led to hiring of incompetent/corrupt officials.
Strict Constructionism
Jacksonians initially favored a federal government of limited powers. Jackson said that he would guard against "all encroachments upon the legitimate sphere of State sovereignty".
Banking
Jacksonians opposed government-granted monopolies to banks, especially the national bank. Jackson himself was opposed to all banks, because he believed they were devices to cheat common people; he and many followers believed that only gold and silver could be money.
Two prevailing opinions on Native Americans:
Five Civilized Tribes:
- Cherokee
- Creek
- Chickasaw
- Choctaw
- Seminole
Jackson did not believe in assimilation, and too many troops were required to keep white settlers off indian lands
Indian Removal Act of 1830:
Federal gvt funds treaties that force Native Americans to move west.
"Not only liberal, but generous"
Based on states' rights to to govern within their boundaries.
Cherokee try to use US court system to win just treatment
John Marshall first refuses to rule on their case because they are not a foreign nation, nor a state, but a "domestic dependent nation."
With the Help of Samuel Worcester, the Cherokee are allowed to present their case against Georgia
Worcester v. Georgia
- Cherokee recognized as political community
- GA cannot invade Cherokee lands
"John Marshall has made his decision, now let him enforce it."
-Andrew Jackson
John Ross:
- Cherokee Leader
- Fought for Cherokee rights
Treaty of New Echota
- Signed by minority
- Gave remaining Cherokee lands to fed. gvt.
- Cherokee get $5 million plus western land
- Begins Cherokee removal
Trail of Tears
- Forced 800-mile journey from Cherokee lands in the east to gvt. reserved land in the west
- Harsh conditions
- Robbers, sickness, winter
- Over 25% of Cherokee population die en route.
The Tariff of 1816 is increased in 1824 and again in 1828
VP John C. Calhoun (SC) calls the 1828 tariff a "Tariff of Abominations"
Calhoun in an awkward position.
Supported Tariff of 1816, emphasized nationalism...now his home state wonders if he cares for their well-being.
Calhoun's Theory
- Each state can reject any federal law it considers unconstitutional
- "The South Carolina Exposition" (anonymous)
- Privately felt if the fed. gvt did not allow states to nullify, they could secede from the union.
Calhoun's theory catches on in the south, and in 1830 Robert Hayne of SC and Daniel Webster of MA debate the issue of the tariff, and of state's rights
Jackson makes it very clear that he will stop at nothing to preserve the union
South Carolina tests nullification theory in 1832:
- declare tariffs of 1828 and 1832 null and void
- Jackson declares this treason, threatens to hang Calhoun
- Congress passes Force Bill of 1833
- Jackson can use federal Army and Navy if SC refused to pay duties
Henry Clay does it again:
- Proposes tariff bill that gradually reduces tariff duties over a 10 yr period
Jackson vetoes a bill to recharter the BUS in 1832
Jackson's opponents, Clay and Webster, hope this veto will cause him to lose support.
Most of Jackson's supporters hate the bank:
- Privileged institution
- Unfair advantage due to federal tax revenues
- Wealthy stockholders, not average Americans, earn interest on fed. deposits
- Nicholas Biddle (BUS President) gives loans to congressmen at lower interest rates
"The bank, Mr. Van Buren, is trying to kill me, but I will kill IT."
After his reelection, Jackson orders federal funds to be withdrawn from the BUS.
Funds are then deposited in certain state banks, called "pet banks". Chosen through the spoils system.
To try to save the bank, Nicholas Biddle calls in payment for all loans, and refuses to issue new ones. He hopes frustrated Americans would convince Jackson to recharter the BUS.
"Go to Nicholas Biddle"
When its charter runs out, the BUS is just another bank. Five years later it goes out of business.
Clay, JQA, and Webster form the Whig Party in opposition to Jackson's policies
Whig Party platform stood for protective tariffs, national banking, and federal aid for internal improvements
Peggy O'Neale (17) marries John B. Timberlake (39)
The couple are friends with senator John Henry Eaton.
When Timberlake dies, President Jackson encourages Eaton and O'Neale to marry
The two agree, and are married shortly after Timberlake's death
Would have been more socially acceptable had they waited longer.
Led by John Calhoun's wife, women of Washington form the "Anti-Peggy Coalition"
Jackson vehemently supports Peggy Eaton. He appoints John Eaton as his Secretary of War in hopes of improving his reputation.
Nearly all of Jackson's cabinet resigns over the next few weeks in response to the scandal
Due to this and several other disagreements, John Calhoun will not be Jackson's running mate in the election of 1832. Martin Van Buren, Jackson's new favorite, will become Jackson's VP.
Andrew Jackson was the only President in American History to pay off the national debt
Andrew Jackson is the only U.S. President to be censured by the U.S. Senate.
Andrew Jackson exercised his veto power twelve times as President, more than all of his predecessors combined.
Andrew Jackson was the first President to articulate that as President he represented all the people and that the will of the majority must govern.
The first assassination attempt on a sitting U.S. President occurred on January 30, 1835, when Richard Lawrence failed to slay Andrew Jackson.
When Jackson leaves office, he gives his support to VP, Martin Van Buren. Van Buren wins the election easily, but now he must deal with Jackson's economic legacy.
Pet banks become known as Wildcat Banks
Wildcat banks print money in wild excess of specie, or gold and silver, they had on deposit.
Wildcat banks start failing when people try to redeem paper notes for specie.
Federal gvt. often stuck with worthless bank notes because people used them to buy land
In 1836, Jackson issues the Specie Circular
- Only specie is acceptable for payment of public lands
- People rush to exchange notes for specie
- Not enough specie, banks suspend redemption on bank notes
- Leads to the Panic of 1837
Van Buren tries to relieve the panic by establishing a treasury based only on specie. This increases demand for gold and silver and only makes things worse.
Van Buren v. William Henry Harrison
"Tippacanoe and Tyler too!"
Harrison seen as a common man, Van Buren as an aristocrat, even though in reality these roles were reversed
Harrison wins, plans to enact the Whig Party reforms to revive the economy.
Long inaugural address. Harrison gets sick, dies one month into office. Tyler becomes president.
Tyler did not support Whig reforms
- added to ticket to win southern votes
- referred to as "His Accidency" by Whig Party members
We call this cottage industry.
Manufacturer pays by the piece and distributes new materials for next batch.
The women bring finished articles to the manufacturer.
The Colt Revolver
We need to unify the economy!
American System:
- Promoted by Henry Clay
- A gov’t. program to balance agriculture, commerce, and industry
North
manufactured goods
grain, meat and cotton
South/West
With each part of the country sustaining the other, Americans will finally be economically independent of Britain and other European nations
(Toll Roads)
Demand for cotton
Demand for slaves
PICKER ROOM
Opener $4.50
Picker hand $5.10
Card hand $4.50
Boss carder $12.00
SPINNING ROOM
Drawing frame $4.50
Slubber hands $5.40
Intermediate hands $5.40
Speeder hands $4.50
Spinners $3.00a
Head doffer $3.60
Doffers $2.40
Spoolers $4.00
Twisters $4.80
Warpers $7.50
Overseer of spinning $10.50
Section hand $7.00
Overseer of twisting $7.00
Band boys $2.50
Sweepers $3.60
Oiler and bander $3.60
WEAVING ROOM
Filler $3.90
Creelers $4.00
Beam warper $4.50
Slash tender $6.00
Drawing-in girls $6.00
Weavers $5.40b
Table information is from Like a Family, pp. 79-80. Source: Holland Thompson, From Cotton Field to Cotton Mill (New York: Mcmillan, 1906). (a) Ranges from $1.20 to $6.00. (b) Ranges from $2.50 to $9.00.
Westward Expansion
Defining Boundaries
Gibbons v. Ogden
Monroe Doctrine
Tariff of 1816
Slavery was a sectional issue; Opinions on slavery varied by region
McCulloch v. Maryland
- Strengthened fed. gvt's control on economy
- Support national over state gvt.
http://www.history.com/videos/monroe-era-of-good-feelings#monroe-era-of-good-feelings
2nd Bank of the United States
Development of diverse economies creates a schism between the north and the south and west.
South/West= Agricultural Economy
North= Industrial Economy
After the war of 1812, the British sold textiles and iron far below the cost of the American made versions of these goods.
Many northern states had already outlawed slavery for moral reasons.
As agriculture takes off in the south, slavery becomes entrenched in the southern economy
Northern economies did not rely on slavery to prosper.
The Missouri Compromise
Jacksonian Democracy
Nullification Theory
Background
Election of 1828
Indian Removal
Cherokee Resistance
Jackson v. The BUS
Pet Banks
JQA v. Jackson
Jackson wins popular vote, but not the electoral vote.
Election of 1824
Jackson!!!
Developed in 1793 during Whitney’s visit to a Georgia plantation
Election of 1840
The Petticoat Scandal
Jackson's Legacy
Jackson's Firsts