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USSR reluctant to give GDR power
Fear of Crisis
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev and GDR- leader Walter Ullbricht (1960) at SED Congress
"The time has obviously arrived for the signatories of the Potsdam Agreement to renounce the remnants of the occupation regime in Berlin, and thereby make it possible to create a normal situation in the capital of the GDR. (...)" (Khrushchev, 1958)
6 Month Ultimatum
Aim: Demilitirization of West Berlin 'Free city'
"Berlin is the testicles of the West... every time I want to make the West scream I squeeze on Berlin".
Construction of Berlin Wall (1961)
Exaggeration nuclear arsenal
Concessions (without war)
Main objective: Recognition of GDR as state
Tension
Détente
Khrushchev (1958)
Khrushev (1959)
Rejection of Ultimatum
Berlin remained unresolved issue
Great Britain and USA: met with Khrushchev
Germany and France: tough stance
FRG:
Many people fleeing East Germany
Summit meetings 1959-1961 No agreements
Continued Arms Race
Response to ultimatum:
"Three Essentials" for W. Berlin
Picture of Mall in Berlin (1950)
Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy at Geneva Conerence (1959)
Magazine Cover (1957)
Coca Cola sign from West Berlin (1953)
TV address: July 25
1. Security and freedom for West Berlin
2. Presence of the Western Allies in West Berlin
3. Free access to all of Berlin
U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Berlin (1963)
Western Allies denied access to East Berlin
Standoff of Russian and American tanks
Close to break-out of Third World War
Checkpoint Charlie Crisis (October 1961)
US & Cuban relations deterioate
Castro invited Anastas Mikoyan to visit Cuba
Profiles: Nikita Krushchev
John F Kennedy
The Berlin Crisis
35th US President
1961-1963
Khruschev threatens US with missile attack in the case of a Cuban invasion
Cuban Revolution
Aims:
US-President John F Kennedy (1961)
U.S. Reaction
Castro declares that he is a Marxist-Leninist
The Cuban Missile Crisis
Cuban- Soviet agreement
Conclusion
Resolve to form West German state
Soviet Missiles placed in Cuba
Aims:
FRG created (1949)
GDR created (1949)
No solution to problem of Germany after war
Berlin Blockade (1948-49)
Currency Reform
"Deutschmark"
Image illustrating German division with GDR and FRG symbol
Capitalism enables liberty
Symbol of Capitalist success
Image of 20 Deutschmark
Communism opposite to freedom
Berlin airlift 1948
Critique of Communism
Cooperation impossible
US spy plane discovers the missiles
Ultimatum sent to Moscow
Demand that missiles be withdrawn
Communism impedes economic progress
Communism forced upon people
Capitalism thriving in FRG
US Navy set up quarantine zone, radius of 500 miles
Public is informed
17. April, 1961
Kennedy at Rathaus Schöneberg (1963)
Gives hope to West Berliners
Kennedy at Rathaus Schöneberg (1963)
two letters sent by Khrushchev
Conditonalizing destalinization
first condition:
no invasion of
Cuba!
Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie
second condition: no U.S. missiles in Turkey!
Arms race
You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is 90 miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But Turkey adjoins us (...) Do you consider, then, that you have the right to demand security for your own country and the removal of the weapons you call offensive, but do not accord the same right to us? You have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Turkey, literally next to us. How then can recognition of our equal military capacities be reconciled with such unequal relations between our great states?
Invasion defeated in three days
Cuban Missile Crisis
CIA backed mission to overthrow Castro
Consequence: Castro's power solidified + closer ties to USSR
"They coldbloodedly bombed our nation and told the world that the bombing was done by Cuban pilots with Cuban planes. This was done with planes on which they painted our insignia.
If nothing else, this deed should be enough to demonstrate how miserable are the actions of imperialism. It should be enough for us to realize what Yankee imperialism really is (...)"
invasion by Cuban exiles and disguised American forces
Second Cold War
Guerrilla warfare started by rebels on 2.12.1956
improved communication
Kennedy agrees
Castro and rebels take over Santiago de Cuba & Havana
Manuel Urrutia Lleó becomes president on 3.1.1959