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Tension between Ulbricht and Khrushchev

USSR reluctant to give GDR power

Fear of Crisis

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev Khrushchev and GDR- leader Walter Ullbricht (1960) at SED Congress

Construction of the Berlin Wall 1961

Solution to contain people in GDR

The Khrushchev Era-

Barbed wire fence Concrete

Consolidation of GDR

Berlin Ultimatum (1958)

"The time has obviously arrived for the signatories of the Potsdam Agreement to renounce the remnants of the occupation regime in Berlin, and thereby make it possible to create a normal situation in the capital of the GDR. (...)" (Khrushchev, 1958)

6 Month Ultimatum

Aim: Demilitirization of West Berlin 'Free city'

Rejection: Peace treaty between USSR and GDR

de facto Recognition of GDR

"Berlin is the testicles of the West... every time I want to make the West scream I squeeze on Berlin".

Construction of Berlin Wall (1961)

Exaggeration nuclear arsenal

Concessions (without war)

Berlin Crisis 1958-1961

Main objective: Recognition of GDR as state

Peaceful Coexistence or Second Cold War?

Tension

Détente

Khrushchev (1958)

Khrushev (1959)

Causes of Berlin Crisis (1958-1961)

Western Reaction

Rejection of Ultimatum

Berlin remained unresolved issue

vs.

K. SOWED DISSENT

Great Britain and USA: met with Khrushchev

Germany and France: tough stance

FRG:

Many people fleeing East Germany

Summit meetings 1959-1961 No agreements

Khrushchev and Kennedy

Détente?Ultimatum?

Negotiation!

Continued Arms Race

Response to ultimatum:

"Three Essentials" for W. Berlin

Picture of Mall in Berlin (1950)

Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev and U.S. President John F. Kennedy at Geneva Conerence (1959)

Magazine Cover (1957)

Coca Cola sign from West Berlin (1953)

Checkpoint Charlie Crisis (1961)

Kennedy's Three Essentials (1961)

TV address: July 25

1. Security and freedom for West Berlin

2. Presence of the Western Allies in West Berlin

3. Free access to all of Berlin

U.S. President John F. Kennedy in Berlin (1963)

Western Allies denied access to East Berlin

Standoff of Russian and American tanks

Close to break-out of Third World War

Checkpoint Charlie Crisis (October 1961)

Cuba and the USSR

Content

1959

US & Cuban relations deterioate

Feb. 1960

Castro invited Anastas Mikoyan to visit Cuba

Profiles: Nikita Krushchev

John F Kennedy

The Berlin Crisis

Profile : John.F Kennedy

July 1960

35th US President

1961-1963

Khruschev threatens US with missile attack in the case of a Cuban invasion

Cuban Revolution

Aims:

  • Overthrow Fidel Castro’s government in Cuba
  • Find compromise in Cuban Missile Crisis
  • Build up US armed forces
  • Prevent USSR gaining support in ‘Third World’

US-President John F Kennedy (1961)

U.S. Reaction

Dec. 1961

Castro declares that he is a Marxist-Leninist

Creation of FRG and GDR

The Cuban Missile Crisis

Cuban- Soviet agreement

Aug. 1962

Conclusion

Resolve to form West German state

Soviet Missiles placed in Cuba

4.10.1962

Profile: Nikita Khrushchev (1894-1971)

Castro & Khrushchev

  • Leader of the Soviet Union after Stalin (1955-1964)

Aims:

  • Destalinization: Elimination of Stalin’s influence
  • Improvement of Soviet living standard

Nikita Khrushchev

FRG created (1949)

Context of the Berlin Crisis

GDR created (1949)

Hallstein Doctrine

No solution to problem of Germany after war

Berlin Blockade (1948-49)

Currency Reform

"Deutschmark"

Image illustrating German division with GDR and FRG symbol

Schöneberger Rathaus, West-Berlin July 1963:

John F. Kennedy: "Ich bin ein Berliner"

Capitalism enables liberty

Symbol of Capitalist success

Image of 20 Deutschmark

Communism opposite to freedom

Berlin airlift 1948

Critique of Communism

Today, in the world of freedom, the proudest boast is "Ich bin ein Berliner." (...)

There are many people in the world who really don't understand, or say they don't, what is the great issue between the free world and the Communist world. Let them come to Berlin.

There are some who say that communism is the wave of the future. Let them come to Berlin.

And there are some who say, in Europe and elsewhere, we can work with the Communists. Let them come to Berlin.

And there are even a few who say that it is true that communism is an evil system, but it permits us to make economic progress. Lass' sie nach Berlin kommen.

Cuban Missile Crisis

Cooperation impossible

Address to West Berlin (1963)

US spy plane discovers the missiles

14.10.1962

"Freedom has many difficulties and democracy is not perfect. But we have never had to put a wall up to keep our people in -- to prevent them from leaving us."

Ultimatum sent to Moscow

Demand that missiles be withdrawn

Communism impedes economic progress

Communism forced upon people

Capitalism thriving in FRG

US Navy set up quarantine zone, radius of 500 miles

Our goal is not the victory of might, but the vindication of right- not peace at the expense of freedom, but both peace and freedom, here in this Hemisphere, and, we hope, around the world

22.10.1962

Public is informed

The Invasion of the Bay of Pigs

"When that day finally comes, as it will, the people of West Berlin can take sober satisfaction in the fact that they were in the front lines for almost two decades."

17. April, 1961

Kennedy at Rathaus Schöneberg (1963)

Gives hope to West Berliners

Resolution

Kennedy at Rathaus Schöneberg (1963)

Conclusion

two letters sent by Khrushchev

Conditonalizing destalinization

Reach of missiles from Cuba

first condition:

no invasion of

Cuba!

Tanks at Checkpoint Charlie

second condition: no U.S. missiles in Turkey!

Arms race

You are disturbed over Cuba. You say that this disturbs you because it is 90 miles by sea from the coast of the United States of America. But Turkey adjoins us (...) Do you consider, then, that you have the right to demand security for your own country and the removal of the weapons you call offensive, but do not accord the same right to us? You have placed destructive missile weapons, which you call offensive, in Turkey, literally next to us. How then can recognition of our equal military capacities be reconciled with such unequal relations between our great states?

Letter From Chairman Khrushchev to President Kennedy, October 27, 1962

Invasion defeated in three days

Cuban Missile Crisis

members of Brigade 2506, after capture in Bay of Pigs

CIA backed mission to overthrow Castro

The U.S. Reacts to Developments in Cuba

Excerpt from Fidel Castro's speech at Havana's May Day celebrations on May 2, 1961

Consequence: Castro's power solidified + closer ties to USSR

"They coldbloodedly bombed our nation and told the world that the bombing was done by Cuban pilots with Cuban planes. This was done with planes on which they painted our insignia.

If nothing else, this deed should be enough to demonstrate how miserable are the actions of imperialism. It should be enough for us to realize what Yankee imperialism really is (...)"

U.S. reaction

Economy = Nationalization

invasion by Cuban exiles and disguised American forces

Cuban Revolution

Second Cold War

  • Cuban sugar imports cut
  • Cuban assets frozen
  • trade embargo
  • severing of diplomatic ties

Guerrilla warfare started by rebels on 2.12.1956

improved communication

Kennedy agrees

Castro and rebels take over Santiago de Cuba & Havana

Castro signs decree nationalizing U.S. companies, 1960

Fidel Castro

  • raised taxes on U.S. imports
  • trade deals with USSR

Manuel Urrutia Lleó becomes president on 3.1.1959

  • Anti-American nationalist
  • Not yet communist
  • Prime minister of Cuba 1959-1979
  • President of Cuba 1979-2008
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