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The "borrowed clothes" are a symbol for the property and title of Cawdor. At this time, Macbeth believes Cawdor is still alive. The significance of this symbol is it paints Macbeth as uncomfortable with the idea of taking someone else's place, and by using the word "borrowed" suggests that he recognizes the title is not rightfully his. This may foreshadow his feelings towards the crown further on.
Clothing here symbolizes Macbeth's newly gained respect and title of "Cawdor." He believes he and Lady Macbeth should be satisified with and proud to show off this title, instead of immediately throwing it all away so quickly in order to gain something else. This quote is significant as it demonstrates Macbeth does not begin the play as overly ambitious, but rather is initially grateful and satisfied with his place and desires most of all to be noble.
Here, Macbeth and the others are still in their nightclothes, feeling vulnerable, and especially unnerved after finding the murdered Duncan. Macbeth's plee to the others to reconvene after donning their dayclothes, or "manly readiness," suggests he feels particularly defenseless, and needs to hide his guilt/fear of being found out, behind a manly armor.
In this last quotation, Macduff uses the metaphor of "robes" to represent the "king", where "old robes" are King Duncan, and "new robes" we know will soon be Macbeth. The metaphor suggests that the new robes may not fit ("sit [easily]") the new King properly, which for the reader, begs the question of whether or not Macbeth is ready and capable of being King. The clothing motif, while consistantly used metaphorically, has be used to represent title and respect, as well as Macbeth's internal doubts, insecurities, guilt, and perhaps inability to be an effective king.