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Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer

Also known as Islet cell cancer

Only 5% of Pancreatic Cancer is Islet cell cancer; therefore making it a rare disease

Islet cancer cells are tiny specialized cells dotted through out the pancres, designed to produce necessary hormones

Three Types of Islet Cell Cancer

Gastrinoma

Makes large amounts of the Gastrin hormone causing an increase in stomach acid, leading to stomach ulcers

Insulinoma

Islet cells produce too much insulin causing the body to store the sugar rather than burn it for energy (hypglycemia)

Glucagonoma

Islet cells produce too much glucagon hormone (excess sugar) leading to hyperglycemia

Hormones

GLUCAGON

A hormone produced by the alpha cells in the pancreas to increase glucose level in the blood. This hormone causes the liver to break down glucagon into glucose. It is also involved in the regulation of fat, protein, excretion of electrolytes from the kidney and the release of insulin from the pancreas. Overproduction of glucagon can cause kidney failure, seizures, heart and blood circulation problems, and death.

SOMATOSTATIN

Identified as a growth hormone that is secreted in the pancreas, intestinal tract, and pituitary gland. Somatostatin inhibits the secretion of insulin, secretin, gastrin and glucagon. This can cause high blood sugar, headaches, frequent urination, weakness, gall stones, weight loss and yellowing of the skin.

GASTRIN

Gastrin is a hormone/acid secreted by the stomach in order to digest food. Over production of this hormone causes severe stomach ulcers and diarrhea. It also leads to hyperplasia in the fundic parietal cells and can cause the production of secretin. The tumor for this malfunction usually begins on the head of the pancreas or duodenum.

INSULIN

A hormone produced through out the entire pancreas (islet cells) designed to control the amount of glucose present in the blood. Insulin enables the body's cells to take glucose from the bloodstream. As these cells turn malignant (insulinoma), it forms a tumor attatched to the pacreas the islet cells to produce too much insulin. Therefore, leading to an abnormally low blood sugar that could cause anxiety, behavior changes, clouded vision, confusion, convulsions, dizziness, headaches, weight gain, seizures, comas, or even death. Can also cause weakness and fatigue.

Vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP)

A hormone developed in the islet cells located in the pancreas, around the adrenal glands, and above the kidneys. VIP aids in water transportaion through out the intestines. Excessive amounts of this hormone can cause watery diarrhea and is a symptom of pancreatic cancer.

GLUCOSE

A hormone produced in the pancreas but stimulated by glucagon and insulin. Glucose is the body's primary source of fuel. Over production of this hormone can causes diabetes, seizures, comas, gastrinoma and death.

Endocrine Pancreatic Cancer effects many major organs such as the...

PANCREAS

Endocrine Pancreatic cancer is when the islet cells in the pancreas become malignant and inhibit it from secreting and producing vital enzymes and hormones. This causes an alteration in the function of the pancreas resulting in poor absorption of nutrients, inability to break down carbs, fats and proteins, and uncontrolable production of hormones such as insulin and glucagon. Overall, this causes the endocrine system to funtion abnormally. Signs and symptoms of endocrine pancreatic cancer include a lump in the abdomen, pain in abdomen and back, yellowing of skin and whitening of eyes, diarrhea, stomach ulcers, low and high blood sugar, weakness, loss of weight and appetite, gall stones, and rashes.

SMALL INTESTINE

Cells in the small intestine can become malignant and produce excessive amounts of gastrin causing stomach ulcers from the large amounts of acid transporting through the intestines to the stomach. Vasoactive intestinal peptide also contributes to these ulcers as it deals with water transportation through out the intestines. Signs and symptoms are pain in lower abdomen and lower back, loss of appetite, weight loss and hemorrhages due to the erosion of blood vessels.

LIVER

The liver is a major organ effected by pancreatic cancer because its main function is to clease the blood in the body and aid in digestion. The cancer can travel into the blood stream through insulinoma, gastrinoma and glucagonoma, easily transferring into the liver. A sign or symptom of pancreatic cancer effecting the liver is jaundice, darkening of the urine, loss of appetite, trouble in digestion and weight loss.

LYMPH NODES

Cancerous cells invade the lymphatic system through the fluid and lymphatic vessels effecting the white blood cells and tissues in the lymph nodes. Signs and symptoms of the lymph nodes being malignant are inflammed lymph nodes, pain in relative area and more susceptible to infections.

BLOOD VESSELS

Malignant islet cells can trasfer through to the blood, diffusing the cancer all through out the body regions. The signs and symptoms of this are weakness, seizures, juandice, dehydration, gall stones and low & high blood sugar levels.

TREATMENTS

Certain factors that effect treatment options are

  • the type of cell
  • where cell is located in the pancreas
  • if the cancer has spread to other organs
  • whether cancer has been diagnosed or recurred

Radiation therapy is a cancer treatment that uses high-energy x-rays or other types of radiation to kill cancer cells. There are two types of radiation, external and internal. The way radiation therapy is given depends of the type and stage of the cancer being treated.

Removal of tumor from the pancreas is known as pancreaticoduodenectomy. This involves removal of whole or part of the pancreas and the duodenum. Regional lymph nodes may also be removed during this procedure. No signs of metastatic can be evident in order to have this procedure. Although normal pancreas tissue is also removed, it virtually has no effects of the production of insulin, enzymes and other hormones.

Chemotherapy is a cancer treatment that uses drugs to stop the growth of cancer cells or by stopping them from dividing. When chemotheraphy is taken by mouth of injected into the bloodstream, it can reach cancer cells through out the body (systematic chemotherapy). When chemotheraphy is placed directly into an organ or body cavity, the drugs mainly affect the cancer cells in those areas (regional chemotherapy). The way chemotherapy is given depends on the type and stage of the cancer being treated.

THE END :)

This causes the islet cells to produce too much insulin causing the body to store the sugar rather than burning it for engery (hypoglycemia)

This causes the islet cells to produce too much of the glucagon hormone which leads to too much blood sugar (hyperglycemia)

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