Progressive Era Timeline

Meat Inspection Act of 1906

Progressive Era Timeline

Anupam, Prachi, George, Kunal, Nicole

Passed by Roosevelt following food exported with botulism and threats from foreign governments to ban American meat exports.

Preparation of meat shipped over state lines could be inspected federally.

Key:

Green-Environment

Blue-Business Reforms

Red-American Imperialism

Yellow-Political Impact

Orange-Consumer Reforms

Pure Food and Drug Act (1906)

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Election of 1904

Prevented mislabeling and tampering of

pharmaceuticals and food in international transactions (along with the Meat Inspection Act). Eventually led to the creation of the FDA.

President Theodore Roosevelt was elected to a term in his own right. During the election campaign, Republicans emphasized Roosevelt's success in foreign affairs and his record of firmness against monopolies. The nominee of the Democratic Party was Alton B. Parker. Roosevelt easily defeated Parker, sweeping every region in the nation except the South. In doing so he became the first incumbent President to win election to a term in his own right after having ascended to the Presidency upon the death of his predecessor

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16th Amendment-1913

Progressive Income Tax (1913)

Takes larger percentages from higher-earning tiers. 16th Amendment in 1913 allowed Congress to establish this.

Hepburn Act of 1906

Spanish American War

Queen Lilioukalani

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Election 1900

A conflict between the United States and Spain that ended Spanish colonial rule in the Americas and resulted in U.S. acquisition of territories in the western Pacific and Latin America. The war originated in the Cuban struggle for independence from Spain, which began in February 1895.

Federal Reserve Act (Dec. 1913)

Established Federal Reserve System, that oversaw

12 federal reserve banks placed regionally. Also gave FRS ability to issue paper notes as legal currency.

Permitted the institution of a graduated income tax.

"The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several states, and without regard to any census or enumeration."

Restricted free railroad passes and expanded the Interstate Commerce Commission, extending its reach to include express companies, sleeping-car companies, and pipelines. The commission was also authorized to nullify existing rates and stipulate maximum rates.

Jingoism- patriotism in the form of aggressive foreign policy

Americans tried to annex Hawaii in an attempt to overcome the McKinley tariff, however Queen Lilioukalani insisted that native Hawaiians control the land. She was the last reigning queen of Hawaii who defended Hawaii’s self-rule until white settlers led a revolt and dethroned her.

The election was a re-match of the 1896 race between Republican President William McKinley and his Democratic challenger, William Jennings Bryan. The Republican Convention chose New York Governor Theodore Roosevelt as McKinley's running mate, since Vice-President Garret Hobart had died from heart failure in 1899. The return of economic prosperity and recent victory in the Spanish–American War for control of the Philippines helped McKinley to score a decisive victory, while Bryan's anti-imperialist stance and continued support for bimetallism attracted only limited support.

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Interstate Commerce Act of 1887

Bull Moose Party (1912)

Designed to regulate the railroad industry, particularly its monopolistic practices. Required that railroad rates be "reasonable and just," but did not empower the government to fix specific rates. Was passed after protest by farmers against price discrimination and railroad monopolies

Laissez-faire (1885)

Progressive Party under candidate Teddy Roosevelt. Named after his character. Pushed for progressive reforms.

Coal Strike of 1902

Little to no government involvement in the free market. Belief of Cleveland, along with low tariffs.

Strike by united mine workers of America in the coalfields of eastern Philadelphia.

Panama Canal

Clayton anti-trust act-1914

Desert Land Act of 1877

Muckrakers (1902)

Forest Reserve Act of 1891

Built by the United States in 1914,

it connects the Atlantic ocean to the Pacific ocean

Amendment passed by congress, that clarifies sherman

antitrust act.

Dollar Diplomacy

Journalists intent on exposing corruption and scandal to bring about reform

Law that that allowed the president to set aside forest reserves.

Notable examples:

"The Shame of the Cities" (1902)

"The Bitter Cry of Children" (1906)

"Following the Color Line" (1908)

Roosevelt Corollary

Boxer Rebellion 1900

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Encouraged and promoted the economic development

of the Western public lands

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“The Jungle” by Upton Sinclair

The use of country’s financial power to extend international influence.

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Square Deal (1902)

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Addition to Monroe Doctrine articulated

by president Roosevelt after the Venezuelan

Crisis

Progressive reform under Roosevelt that would control corporations, protect consumers, and conserve natural resources.

Novel exposing the unsanitary conditions of the

meat industry.

Initiative

Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)

A Chinese secret organization called the Society of the Righteous and Harmonious Fists led an uprising in northern China against the spread of Western and Japanese influence there.

Case that established “separate but equal” and maintained race-based restrictions. Would later be overturned.

The process of petitioning a

legislative to introduce a bill

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New Lands Act of 1902

The Sierra Club 1892

“Big-Stick” policy

Yellow Journalism

Election of 1896

Muller vs Oregon 1908

A law that funded irrigation projects for dry western states. Settlers repaid the government from their now-productive soil and that money was used to finance for of those enterprises.

1900

1910

1880

1920

1890

Refers to Roosevelt’s foreign policy:

“Speaky softly, and carry a big stick”

Journalism based on sensationalism and crude exaggeration

Founded in 1892(by John Muir), dedicated itself to preserving the wildness of the western landscape.

Republican William McKinley defeated Democrat William Jennings Bryan in a campaign considered to be one of the most dramatic and complex in American history. McKinley forged a coalition in which businessmen, professionals, skilled factory workers and prosperous farmers were heavily represented; he was strongest in the Northeast, Upper Midwest, and Pacific Coast. Bryan was the nominee of the Democrats, the Populist Party, and the Silver Republicans. He was strongest in the South, rural Midwest, and Rocky Mountain state.

Forced the supreme court to accept the constitutionality of laws that protect women workers by showing evidence of harmful effects of factory labor on women since they are weaker.

Elkins Act of 1903

Election of 1912

Forest Reserve Act of 1891:

William McKinley (1897-1901)

Law that that allowed the president to set aside forest reserves

Republican candidate who defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1896 presidential election. As a supporter of big business, he pushed for high protective tariffs. Under his leadership, the U.S. became an imperial world power. He was assassinated by an anarchist in 1901.

17th Amendment-1914

William Howard Taft- 1909-1913

Amended the Interstate Commerce Act of 188 by authorizing the Interstate Commerce Commission to impose heavy fines on railroads that offered rebates, and upon the shippers that accepted these rebates. Railroad corporations, their officers and employees were all made accountable for discriminatory practices.

In this election, the Democrats nominated Woodrow Wilson, giving him a strong progressive platform called the "New Freedom" program. The Republicans were split between Taft and Roosevelt's Bull Moose Party with its "New Nationalism" program. By the division of the Republican Party, a Democratic victory was guaranteed and Woodrow Wilson won. The Republicans were thrust into a minority status in Congress for the next six years.

Teddy Roosevelt’s successor who took action against trusts that abused power and money by pressing antitrust suits against Standard Oil Company and U.S. Steel Corporation. He was not a strong political leader and had an attitude of passivity toward Congress and was a poor judge of public opinion. His approach to foreign affairs was called "dollar diplomacy." As for conservation, he established the Bureau of Mines, but his efforts were erased in the public mind by the Ballinger-Pinchot affair in which he dismissed Pinchot because Pinchot criticized Ballinger's opening of public lands to corporate development. He was re-nominated by the Republicans in the election of 1912, but Wilson won instead

Eugene Debs

Established the direct election of U.S. Senators.

"The Senate of the United States shall be composed of two Senators from each state, elected by the people thereof, for six years; and each Senator shall have one vote. The electors in each state shall have the qualifications requisite for electors of the most numerous branch of the state legislature"

Ballinger-Pinchot Affair

Socialist who was the hero of the Pullman strike who amassed 420,793 votes in the election of 1908. In the election of 1912, he got 900,672 votes. He never won the presidency

Election of 1908

Teddy Roosevelt (1901-1909)

Before the 1912 election, Pinchot criticized Ballinger's opening of public lands to corporate development and he took evidence of this to the president, Taft, who dismissed it. So Pinchot leaked the story to the press and asked Congress to investigate the scandal.

Carey Act of 1894

Referendum (1913)

from the 17th Amendment (April 1913)

Signed by Cleveland.

Gave land to Western states contingent on it

being used for irrigation and settling.

President who used "big stick diplomacy" when dealing with other nations and created his Square Deal program on 3 C's:

• control of the corporations
• consumer protection
• conservation of natural resources

He concluded that there were "good"trusts that worked for the benefit of the public and “bad” trusts that were greedy. Therefore, tried to respond to the popular outcry against the trusts without hurting all large businesses. In response to the pillaging of timber and mineral resources, he passed the Newlands Act of 1902, which authorized the government to collect money from the sale of public lands in the western states and then use these funds for the development of irrigation projects. He set aside federal reserves of some 125 million acres and similarly earmarked millions of acres of coal deposits and water resources. He was considered dangerous and unpredictable by conservative Republican bosses and was blamed for the panic of 1907. In the election of 1912, he split the Republican Party by running against Taft in a separate Bull Moose Party because he believed that Taft had not carried out his policies adequately. In this election, his platform was called New Nationalism. He refused to run in the election of 1916.

Direct vote by the people on a certain subject.

Specifically, voters vote directly to remove

corrupt elected officials.

President Theodore Roosevelt, honoring a promise not to seek a third term, persuaded the Republican Party to nominate William Howard Taft, his close friend and Secretary of War, to become his successor. The Democratic Party turned to two-time nominee William Jennings Bryan, who had been defeated in 1896 and 1900by Republican William McKinley. Despite running a vigorous campaign against the nation's business elite, Bryan suffered the worst loss of his three presidential campaigns

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