19.5 Diversity of Fungi

19.5 Diversity of Fungi

Graphics

Outline

Vocabulary & Pronunciation

1. Chitin (kyt-uhn) -tough polysaccharide that make up the fungi cell wall.

2.Hyphae (hy-fee) -long strands that make up the bodies of multicellular fungi.

3. Mycelium (my-see-lee-uhm) -an nderground network of hyphae.

4. Fruiting Body -reproductive structure of fungus that grows above ground.

5. Mycorrhizae (my-kuh-ry-zuh) -multualistic partnership between fungi and the roots of certain plants.

6. Sporangia (spuh-ran-jee-uh) -forming structures at the tips of their hyphae

Literature

Supplementary

Book

Journal

Magazine

Website

On-Line Game

Video

I. Diversity of Fungi

A. Comparing Fungi to Plants

1. Fall into 3 groups; yeast, mold and true fungi.

2. Fungi are NOT similar to plants

a. Do not have chlorophyll; they absorb food from the environment

b. Do not have roots leaves and stem

c. Cell walls are made up of chitin ( tough polysaccharide that is also found in the shell of insects)

B. Anatomy of Fungi

1. Multicellular organisms

2. Made of long strands called hyphae ( consist of a chain of cells or one large, long cell with many nuclei)

a. Each hypha is surrounded by a plasma membrane and a cell wall of chitin.

b. Hyphae often group together to form a mycelium (underground network of hyphae)

3. Mycelia may produce fruiting bodies, like a mushroom.

4. Absorbs food such as: tree bark, bread, cheese, and flesh.

C. Primitive Fungi

1. Chytrids

2. Smallest and simplest group o fungi

3. Mostly aquatic

a. Spores have flagella (helps propel them in water)

4. Only fungi with flagellated spores

5. Consists of decomposers, parasites, protests, plants, and animals.

D. Sea Fungi

1. Diverse group but all form a sac called an ascus (contains spores for reproduction)

E. Bread Molds

1. Range from molds on spoiled food to being used as a ferment in certain foods

2. Get food by decomposing dead or decaying matter

F. Club Fungi

1. Fruiting bodies are clubbed shaped

2. Includes mushrooms, puffballs, bracket/ shelf fungi, rusts, and smuts.

G. Reproduction in Single-Celled Fungi

1. Reproduce asexually through simple fission or budding

a. Fission is identical to mitosis

2. Some undergo sexual reproduction

a. Undergoes meiosis and produce 4 haploid nuclei

b. Parents cell’s cytoplasm does not divide

H. Reproduction in Multicellular fungi

1. Has complex reproductive system

2. Spores are produced in the basida during sexual reproduction

a. Found on the underside of mushrooms

3. In club fungi spores are often formed by sexual reproduction

a. Nuclei within basidia fuse to form diploid zygotes

b. Zygotes undergo meiosis to form haploid spores

c. Spores drop from gills and are carried away by wind and

animals

d. If spores land on favorable environment, they grow and form haploid hyphae

e. Some cells of haploid mycelium may fuse with cells of another haploid mycelium- produces a diploid mycelium underground

f. Rain and change in temperature can trigger the formation aboveground resulting in mushrooms

4. Zygomycota are known as zygote fungi because of the structures the form during sexual reproduction

5. Bread mold reproduce sexually when food supply is low, but also can reproduce asexually when there are plenty of food

a. they reproduce asexually by producing spores in the sporangia -spore forming structures at the tips of their hyphae

6. Sexual reproduction in zygote fungi involves hyphae that look alike but are different mating types

a. 2 types of hyphae fuse their nuclei to produce a diploid zygospore –can tolerate long periods of extreme conditions

b. When conditions become favorable, sporangium grows and produces haploid spores

c. Spores are released and can grow into new hyphae

d. New hyphae may reproduce asexually, by forming haploid spores in sporangia, or sexually by fusing hyphae to produce more zygotes

7. Ascomycota are called sac fungi due to the sac like case, ascus, that forms during sexual reproduction

a. Involves the joining of 2 mycelia that are different mating types

b. Joined hyphae grow above ground developing ascus

c. Reproduce asexually when conditions are favorable and reproduce sexually when conditions are harsh

d. Produce different types of spores during asexual reproduction- conidia

I. Release of Spores

1. Fungi release their spores at the tips of their hyphae, high above their food source

a. Allows small pores to be carried in air currents

b. Spores of fungi are found in the air, more than 150 kilometers above the surface of Earth

This magazine is called Fungi, it is online and requires the newer version of adobe flash player. The main objective for this magazine is to “explore the world of mycology from many different angles”. The table of contents is underneath some small movies about different fungi. Some small movies examples include splashes by raindrops in Bird’s Nest Fungi, the Hat-Thrower Pilobolous, Compression by raindrops in Earth-Stars and Puffballs, and Snap-buckling in Artillery Fungus Sphaerobolus.

www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/18786146

This journal is called Fungal Biology and it is online and in print. Fungal Biology is an international journal and their basic idea of the magazine revolves around fungi. There is access to its variety of articles about fungi, some articles include Dill (Anthum graveolens L.) seed essential oil induces Candida ablicans apoptosis in a metacaspase-dependent manner and Detection of Ophiocordyceps sinensis in the roots of plants in alpine meadows by nested-touchdown polymerase chain reaction.

Thomas, Peggy. Bacteria and Viruses. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2004. 21-22. Print.

These two pages discuss how bacteria is a more general name for fungi. Bacteria is important, because without it we would be knee-deep in the ground if we didn't have bacteria or fungi to eat the dead decomposition. The decomposition is usually on the ground and without fungi eating the dead, we would not have newly fertilized soil to plant and agriculture.

m.youtube.com/watch?v=wweymhAuXG8

This video gives ten important facts about fungal diversity, is one minute and forty-nine seconds long, has a cool beat, and a variety of graphics. Most of the facts are similar to the facts in the textbook. The facts contain how fungi eat, they are in multiple groups, structure, how they grow, truffles, and much more.

http://www.softschools.com/quizzes/biology/fungi/quiz2297.html

In this game you take a quiz on the topic and see if you got it correct. This is a great piece of review material if you ever need the practice. They have questions on fungi from type, groups, and structure. Not only does this game help study from different ranges of questions on fungi diversity, it has ten questions. There are different questions each time you take the quiz.

http://www2.estrellamountain.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/biobookdiversity_4.html

This website is called Biological Diversity: Fingi and there are links and different pages that contain everything about fungi. The table of content includes body plans and nutritional mode, classification of fungi, chtridiomycota, zygomycota, ascomycota, basidiomycota, lichens and mycorrhizae, learning objects, terms, review page, links, and the home page. The website also includes a variety of graphics and vocabulary. On the bottom of the page are links, review questions, learning objectives, and terms.