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CONCLUSION
Cotterill, Sanders and Collins (2010) distinguished that the...
'Conditioning of the participants to follow a prescribed set of behavioral and psychological steps artificially administered have been shown to have a positive effect on the execution of a contrived performance'
Purpose...
'To explore the depth of the psychological processes and behavioural techniques that underpin pre-performance routines specific to penalty taking in football and whether the use of set pre-performance routines influence this specific sporting skill execution in a positive manner'
In summary, the present study enhances the findings of previous research by determining the success rate of a self-paced skill; penalty kicks in football, was significantly greater when utilizing a pre-performance routine than without.
The use of interpretative phenomenological analysis of interviews revealed three specific psychological skills that participants considered essential to the maintenance of an optimal psychophysiological state.
and processes that they felt, used or experienced while performing the PPR
All interviews will take place within 24 hours practical data being collected.
(Cotterill, 2010)
Future studies should continue to develop an advanced understanding of psychological mechanisms underpinning PPR’s
(Gratton & Jones, 2010)
Psychological Skills :
(Baumeister, 1984; Baumeister & Showers, 1986; Boutcher & Rotella, 1987; Rotella, 1987)
DISCUSSION
The present study incorporated a mixed methods analysis allowing for a distinctive and rich account of the experiences of implementing an artificially administered PPR through an interview process subsequent to penalty trials comparing success rate both with and without the routine. Numerous themes materialized during the IPA that coincide with the bulk of past qualitative research (Cotterill, 2010).
Critically, Marlow et al. (1998) documented that forthcoming research should incorporate a competitive setting in order to increase external validity.
Moran (1996) depicted PPR's as...
'a sequence of task relevant thoughts and actions which an athlete systematically engages in prior to his or her execution of a sport-specific skill'
Pre-Performance Routines: The Psychological Components and Behaviours Underpinning Penalty Taking in Football.
(Foster, Weigand & Baines, 2006)
Interview Data:
Joe Turner
111901
Raw data themes were distinguished following intense annotation of interview verbatim transcripts. The general dimension of the hierarchical established... 'a rationale to advocate the use of a PPR prior to penalty taking expressing potential benefits'.
Practical Data:
Utilizing SPSS, a paired-samples t-test determined a significant difference between penalty kick success rate with the application of a PPR and without (M = 65.8%, SD = 9 .vs. M= 52.5%, SD = 6.21), t (11) = -3.752, p = 0.003.
Marlow et al., (1998) further identified an optimal psychological and physiological nature for performance.
Boutcher, (1987) highlighted the importance of a preperation 'phase' in determining whether peak performance is achieved.
‘The use of pre-performance routines will influence sporting skill execution in a positive manner'
-Specific to penalty taking.
Closed Skills:
(Bell & Hardy (2010); Crews Gayton, 1992; Jackson & Baker, 2001; Lonsdale & Tam, 2008; Mack, 2001; Marlow, Bell, Heath & Shambrook (1998) )
in skill success
PPR consistency and duration =
GAP - Shortcoming in the research.
)Crews & Boutcher, 1986; Lidor and Tennebaum, 1993; Singer, 2000)
Marlow, C, Bull, J., Heath, B., & Shambrook, C. J. (1998). The use of a single case design to investigate the effect of a pre-performance routine on the water polo penalty shot. Journal of Sport and Medicine in Sport, 1, 143-155.
Moran, A.P. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.
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Baumeister, R.F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Selfconsciousness
and the paradoxical effects of incentives on skilled performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610–620.
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Jayarante, T. (1993). ‘Qualitative Methodology and Feminist Research’, in Hammersley, M. (ed.). Social Research: Philosophy, Politics and Practice, London: Sage, 109-123.
Lidor, R., & Tenenbaum, G. (1993). Applying learning strategy to a basketball shooting skill: A case study report. In R. Lidor,D. Ben-Sira, and Z.Artzi (Eds.), Physical activity in the life cycle: The 1993 FIEP World Congress proceedings, Netanya, Israel (pp. 53–59). The Zinman College of Physical
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Mack, M. G.(2001). Effects of time and movements of the pre shot routine on free throw shooting. Perceptual and Motor Skills 93, 567-57.