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Pre-Performance Routines: The Psychological Components and Behaviors Underpinning Penalty Taking In Football.

METHODOLOGY

RATIONALE

  • 10 Penalties
  • Normal .vs. Set PPR

CONCLUSION

Cotterill, Sanders and Collins (2010) distinguished that the...

'Conditioning of the participants to follow a prescribed set of behavioral and psychological steps artificially administered have been shown to have a positive effect on the execution of a contrived performance'

Purpose...

'To explore the depth of the psychological processes and behavioural techniques that underpin pre-performance routines specific to penalty taking in football and whether the use of set pre-performance routines influence this specific sporting skill execution in a positive manner'

In summary, the present study enhances the findings of previous research by determining the success rate of a self-paced skill; penalty kicks in football, was significantly greater when utilizing a pre-performance routine than without.

The use of interpretative phenomenological analysis of interviews revealed three specific psychological skills that participants considered essential to the maintenance of an optimal psychophysiological state.

Participants

Why?

  • Twelve Male St Mary's University Students
  • 1 Goal Keeper
  • SIMMS FC First Team Players

The Interview

  • A greater understanding is required to comprehend the psychological components of routines as well as understanding the process through which a routine is developed (Cotterill, 2010).
  • Think-Aloud Protocol
  • Skill Level = Semi-Professional Footballers
  • Qualitative and Quantitative
  • Semi-Structured Interview Method
  • Practical Testing and Interviewing
  • The actual point of view from the performer !
  • Future studies need to qualitatively understand (Cotterill, 2011).
  • Gain an understanding of the psychological strategies

and processes that they felt, used or experienced while performing the PPR

Self-Paced Skills

  • No research into football !
  • No research into penalties !

All interviews will take place within 24 hours practical data being collected.

(Cotterill, 2010)

  • Penalties
  • Cognitive and Behavioural Processes

Future studies should continue to develop an advanced understanding of psychological mechanisms underpinning PPR’s

(Gratton & Jones, 2010)

  • 'Thinking Time'

Psychological Skills :

  • Mental Focus
  • Attention
  • Arousal
  • Concentration

(Baumeister, 1984; Baumeister & Showers, 1986; Boutcher & Rotella, 1987; Rotella, 1987)

DISCUSSION

The present study incorporated a mixed methods analysis allowing for a distinctive and rich account of the experiences of implementing an artificially administered PPR through an interview process subsequent to penalty trials comparing success rate both with and without the routine. Numerous themes materialized during the IPA that coincide with the bulk of past qualitative research (Cotterill, 2010).

  • IMAGERY
  • POSITIVE SELF-TALK
  • ATTENTIONAL CONTROL

What is a Pre-Performance Routine (PPR)?

Critically, Marlow et al. (1998) documented that forthcoming research should incorporate a competitive setting in order to increase external validity.

Moran (1996) depicted PPR's as...

'a sequence of task relevant thoughts and actions which an athlete systematically engages in prior to his or her execution of a sport-specific skill'

Pre-Performance Routines: The Psychological Components and Behaviours Underpinning Penalty Taking in Football.

(Foster, Weigand & Baines, 2006)

RESULTS

Interview Data:

  • Raw Data Themes
  • Super-Ordinance Themes
  • General Dimension

Joe Turner

111901

Raw data themes were distinguished following intense annotation of interview verbatim transcripts. The general dimension of the hierarchical established... 'a rationale to advocate the use of a PPR prior to penalty taking expressing potential benefits'.

Practical Data:

Utilizing SPSS, a paired-samples t-test determined a significant difference between penalty kick success rate with the application of a PPR and without (M = 65.8%, SD = 9 .vs. M= 52.5%, SD = 6.21), t (11) = -3.752, p = 0.003.

BACKGROUND CONTENT

  • Development of PPR's...

Marlow et al., (1998) further identified an optimal psychological and physiological nature for performance.

AIMS

  • Can success rate in penalty kicks increase with consistent pre-performance routine preparation?

Boutcher, (1987) highlighted the importance of a preperation 'phase' in determining whether peak performance is achieved.

Hypothesis

‘The use of pre-performance routines will influence sporting skill execution in a positive manner'

-Specific to penalty taking.

  • What are the specific psychological processes prior to skill execution that aid performance as a result of pre-performance routines?
  • Waterpolo (Marlow, Bell, Heath & Shambrook, 1998)
  • Basketball (Lonsdale & Tam, 2008)
  • Golf Putting (Bell & Hardy, 2009)

Closed Skills:

(Bell & Hardy (2010); Crews Gayton, 1992; Jackson & Baker, 2001; Lonsdale & Tam, 2008; Mack, 2001; Marlow, Bell, Heath & Shambrook (1998) )

Summary

  • Forthcoming studies need to consider qualitatively understanding pre-performance routines (Cotterill, 2010).
  • Psychological Processes

in skill success

  • Behaviours - Set Routine

PPR consistency and duration =

GAP - Shortcoming in the research.

  • Finding results that correlate to previous research, whilst supporting early hypotheses and trying to validate new ones.

)Crews & Boutcher, 1986; Lidor and Tennebaum, 1993; Singer, 2000)

Continued...

Marlow, C, Bull, J., Heath, B., & Shambrook, C. J. (1998). The use of a single case design to investigate the effect of a pre-performance routine on the water polo penalty shot. Journal of Sport and Medicine in Sport, 1, 143-155.

Moran, A.P. (1996). The psychology of concentration in sport performers: A cognitive analysis. London: Taylor & Francis.

Singer, R. N. (2000). Performance and human factors: considerations about cognition and attention for self-paced and externally-paced events. Ergonomics, 43, 1661-1680.

Singer, R. N. (2002). Pre-performance state, routines, and automaticity: what does it take to realize expertise in self-paced events? Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 24, 359–375.

Reference List

Continued...

Baumeister, R.F. (1984). Choking under pressure: Selfconsciousness

and the paradoxical effects of incentives on skilled performance. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 610–620.

Baumeister, R.F., & Showers, C.J. (1986). A review of paradoxical performance effects: Choking under pressure in sports and mental tests. European Journal of Social Psychology, 16, 361–383.

Bell, J. J., & Hardy, J. (2009) Effects of attentional focus in skilled performance in golf. Journal of Applied Sports Psychology, 21, 163-177.

Boutcher, S.H., & Crews, D.J. (1987). The effect of a pre-shot attentional routine on a well learned skill. International Journal of Sport Psychology, 18, 30-39.

Cohn, P. J. (1990). Pre-performance routines in sport: Theoretical support and practical applications. Sport Psychologist, 4, 301-312.

Cohn, P. J., Rotella, R., Lloyd, J. W. (1990). Effects of a cognitive-behavioural intervention on the pre shot routine and performance in golf. The Sport Psychologist, 4, 33-42.

Cotterill, S. T., Sanders, R., & Collins, D. (2010). Developing effective pre-performance routines in golf: why don’t we ask the golfer? Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 22, 51-64.

Crews, D.J., & Boutcher, S.H. (1986). An exploratory observational behaviour analysis of professional golfers during competition. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 9, 51–58.

Crews, D. J., & Boutcher, S. H. (1986). The effects of structured pre shot behaviours on beginning golf performance. Perceptual Motor Skills, 62, 291-294.

Crews, D. J., & Boutcher, S. H. (1987). An observational analysis of professional female golfers during tournament play. Journal of Sport Behaviour, 9, 51-58.

Foster, D. J., Weigand, D. A., & Baines, D. (2006). The effect of removing superstitious behaviour and introducing a pre-performance routine on basketball free-throw performance. The Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 18, 167-171.

Jackson, R. C., & Baker, J. S. (2001). Routines, rituals, and rugby: Case study of a world class goal kicker. Sport Psychologist, 15, 48–65.

Jackson, R. C. (2003). Pre-performance routine consistency: temporal analysis of goal kicking in the Rugby Union World Cup. Journal of Sports Sciences, 21, 803–814.

Jayarante, T. (1993). ‘Qualitative Methodology and Feminist Research’, in Hammersley, M. (ed.). Social Research: Philosophy, Politics and Practice, London: Sage, 109-123.

Lidor, R., & Tenenbaum, G. (1993). Applying learning strategy to a basketball shooting skill: A case study report. In R. Lidor,D. Ben-Sira, and Z.Artzi (Eds.), Physical activity in the life cycle: The 1993 FIEP World Congress proceedings, Netanya, Israel (pp. 53–59). The Zinman College of Physical

Education at the Wingate Institution.

Lobmeyer, D. L., & Wasserman, E. A. (1986). Preliminaries to free throw shooting: Superstitious behaviour? Journal of Sports Behavior, 9, 70–78.

Lonsdale, C., & Tam, J. T. M. (2008). On the temporal and behavioural consistency of pre-performance routines: An intra-individual analysis of elite basketball players' free throw shooting accuracy. Journal of Sports Science, 26, 259-266.

Mack, M. G.(2001). Effects of time and movements of the pre shot routine on free throw shooting. Perceptual and Motor Skills 93, 567-57.

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