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Ununtrium

Gallium

electron configuration in noble gas notation: [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 7p1

atomic number: 113

atomic mass: 286

symbol: Uut

number of valence electrons: 3

melting point: unknown

boiling point: unknown

normal phase: presumably a solid at 298 K

who discovered it and when: Ununtrium was created on February 2, 2004 by many scientists at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, Russia, and by scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.

uses: currently there are no uses for ununtrium outside of basic scientific research since only a few atoms of the element have been produced

classification: metal

additional info: It is a highly radioactive metal that is artificially produced.

Ununtrium

electron configuration in noble gas notation: [Ar].3d10.4s2.4p1

atomic number: 31

atomic mass: 69.723

symbol: Ga

number of valence electrons: 3

melting point: 302.91 K

boiling point: 2477 K

normal phase: solid (but melts slightly above room temperature and it has the ability to melt just by the warmth of a hand)

who discovered it and when: Gallium was discovered by the French chemist Paul-Émile Lecoq de Boisbaudran in 1875. However it was first said to exist by Dmitri Mendeleyev in 1871.

Uses: Gallium has been used to create low melting alloys (mixtures of metallic elements), high temperature thermometers, as a doping material (that alters electrical properties) for semiconductors, and it has been used to produce transistors and light emitting diodes (an electron tube that allows the flow of current in one direction).

Classification: metal

Thallium

Gallium

element name: Thallium

number of valence electrons: 3

electron configuration: [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1

classification: metal

atomic number: 81

atomic weight: 204.38

melting point: 577 K

boiling point: 1746 K

normal phase: solid

symbol: Tl

uses of that element: It was used as rat poison and ant killer until 1972 due to safety concerns. Along with sulfur or selenium and arsenic, thallium has been used to make durable, high density glasses that have unique refractive indices.

discovery: Chemists William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy discovered thallium in 1861, amidst sulfuric acid production.

additional characteristics: is very malleable and able to be cut into pieces when at room temperature

Thallium

Works Cited

Boron group element. (2014). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved from http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/74395/boron-group-element

Boron. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.webelements.com/boron/

Charges of positive ions. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://digipac.ca/chemical/reftables/ioncharge.htm

The Elements of Group 13. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://2012books.lardbucket.org/books/principles-of-general-chemistry-v1.0/s26-01-the-elements-of-group-13.html

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. (n.d.). The Element Aluminum. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele013.html

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. (n.d.). The Element Boron. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele005.html

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. (n.d.). The Element Gallium. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele031.html

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. (n.d.). The Element Indium. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele049.html

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. (n.d.). The Element Thallium. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele081.html

Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility - Office of Science Education. (n.d.). The Element Ununtrium. Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele113.html

Trends in Electron (electronic) Configuration. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.ausetute.com.au/trendec.html

Ununtrium. (n.d.). Retrieved September 29, 2014, from http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/113/ununtrium

Boron

electron configuration: [He].2s2.2p1

classification: semi-metal

atomic number: 5

atomic weight: 10.81

melting point: 2,348 K

boiling point: 4,273 K

normal phase: solid

symbol: B

number of valence (outer electrons): 3

uses of that element: used in pyrotechnics and flares to produce a green color. It has been used in some rockets as an ignition source. good absorber of neutrons, used in the control rods of nuclear reactors, has a radiation shield and a neutron detector. Boron filaments are used in the aerospace industry because of high strength and lightweight.

who discovered it and when: Boron was discovered by Joseph-Louis Gay-Lussac, Louis-Jaques Thénard, and Sir Humphry Davy in 1808. Gay-Louis and Thenard were French chemists. Davy was an English chemist.

Meet the Boron Family (Icosagens)

  • Where is family on the periodic table: to the right of the icosagens family are their neighbors, which are noble gases.
  • Special characteristics of the family: These elements are categorized as a group as having three outer valence electrons.
  • Boron is the only nonmetal of the family and has the lightest atomic mass out of the entire family. The other four elements of the Boron Family are silver-white metals.
  • Group Number: 3A
  • Reactivity trends within the family: All the elements of group 13 form oxides with the compound M2O3 and hydroxides with the compound M(OH)3.

Aluminum

Relative Atomic Radii (picometers)

About the Boron Family

number of valence electrons: 3

electron configuration: [Ne].3s2.3p1

atomic number: 13

symbol: Al

atomic mass: 26.98

melting point: 933.437 K

boiling point: 2,792 K

normal phase: solid

classification: metal

discovered by Hans Christian Oersted, a Danish chemist in 1825 was first to produce small amounts of the element. 2 years later, a German chemist named Friedrich Wöhler was able to produce samples large enough to determine the properties of aluminum.

uses: used in products such as cans, foil, and kitchen utensils. used in airplanes and rockets. doesn’t conduct electricity as well as copper, but still used in electrical transmission lines.

Relative Electron Affinity (kJ/mol)

Indium

Ionic Diameter

The Boron Family

Electronegativity

  • Relative electron affinity: average is about 29.24 kJ/mol which is very low compared to the rest of the groups.
  • Relative electronegativity: with the exception of boron, the other elements are relatively electropositive which means they tend to lose electrons during chemical reactions rather than gain electrons.
  • Relative most common ionic diameter: 156
  • Relative atomic radii when compared to other elements: the average of the radii is 102 picometers (pm)
  • Generally most common ionic charge: 3+
  • Electron Configuration trend: each has 3 valence electrons. Valence shell electrons increases as the group increases from left to right so it’s not as high compared to groups 14-18.

Boron

Number of Valence Electrons: 3

Element Name: Indium

Atomic Number: 49

Atomic Mass: 114.818

Melting Point: 429.75 K

Boiling Point: 2345 K

Normal Phase: solid

Classification: metal

Electron Configuration: [Kr].4d10.5s2.5p1

Discovered by the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Theodore Richter in 1863 and later isolated it.

Uses: Indium is used to help make high speed motors since it helps distribute the oil. It can also be used to make electrical components like photoconductors.

Aluminum

Indium

The Boron Family Portrait

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